Microbiology and Immunology

Molecular biology and molecular genetics WORLD OF MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY

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The central dogma of molecular biology, DNA to RNA to protein.

ochemical structure of macromolecules (nucleic acids, pro-

teins, lipids, and carbohydrates) and their interactions.

Genetic materials including DNA in most of the living forms

or RNA(ribonucleic acid) in all plant virusesand in some ani-

mal virusesremain the subjects of intense study.

The complete set of genes containing the genetic

instructions for making an organism is called its genome. It

contains the master blueprint for all cellular structures and

activities for the lifetime of the cell or organism. The human

genome consists of tightly coiled threads of deoxyribonucleic

acid (DNA) and associated protein molecules organized into

structures called chromosomes. In humans, as in other higher

organisms, a DNA molecule consists of two strands that wrap

around each other to resemble a twisted ladder whose sides,

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