222 An Indigenous Peoples' History of the United States
carrying out maneuvers since the 1980s in "170 countries per year,
with an average of nine 'quiet professionals' on each mission. Amer
ica's reach was long; its involvement in the obscurest states protean.
Rather than the conscript army of citizen soldiers that fought World
War II, there was now a professional military that, true to other
imperial forces throughout history, enjoyed the soldiering life for its
own sake."8
On October 13, 20II, testifying before the Armed Services Com
mittee of the US House of Representatives, General Martin Dempsey
stated: "I didn't become the chairman of the Joint Chiefs to oversee
the decline of the Armed Forces of the United States, and an end
state that would have this nation and its military not be a global
power .... That is not who we are as a nation."THE RETURN OF LEGALIZED TORTURE
Bodies-tortured bodies, sexually violated bodies, imprisoned bod
ies, dead bodies-arose as a primary topic in the first years of the
George W. Bush administration following the September 2001 at
tacks with a war of revenge against Afghanistan and the overthrow
of the government of Iraq. Afghans resisting US forces and others
who happened to be in the wrong place at the wrong time were
taken into custody, and most of them were sent to a hastily con
structed prison facility on the US military base at Guantanamo Bay,
Cuba, on land the United States appropriated in its 1898 war against
Cuba. Rather than bestowing the status of prisoner of war on the
detainees, which would have given them certain rights under the Ge
neva Conventions, they were designated as "unlawful combatants,"
a status previdusly unknown in the annals of Western warfare. As
such, the detainees were subjected to torture by US interrogators
and shamelessly monitored by civilian psychologists and medical
personnel.
In response to questions and condemnations from around the
globe, a University of California international law professor, John
C. Yoo, on leave to serve as assistant US attorney general in the Jus-