Human Research ........................................................................................................................ 493
Bone and Muscle Physiology
Effect Of Prolonged Spaceflight On Human Skeletal Muscle (Biopsy) .............................................. 494
Bisphosphonates as a countermeasure to spaceflight-induced bone loss (Bisphosphonates) ........ 496
Crews Health: Investigation on Reduced Operability (CHIRO) ......................................................... 498
Early Detection of Osteoprosis in Space (EDOS) ............................................................................... 499
European Space Agecny Hand Posture Analyzer (ESA HPA) ............................................................. 500
Foot Reaction Forces During Spaceflight (Foot) ............................................................................... 502
Hand Posture Analyzer (HPA) ........................................................................................................... 505
Study of Low Back Pain in Crewmembers During Spaceflight (Muscle) ........................................... 507
Spinal Elongation and its Effects on Seated Height in a Microgravity Environment (Spinal Elongation)
.......................................................................................................................................................... 508
Integrated Resistance and Aerobic Training Study (Sprint) .............................................................. 509
Subregional Assessment of Bone Loss in the Axial Skeleton in Long-term Spaceflight (Subregional
Bone) ................................................................................................................................................. 510
Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems
Physiological Parameters That Predict Orthostatic Intolerance After Spaceflight (Aorta) ............... 513
The Effect of Long-term Microgravity Exposure on Cardiac Autonomic Function by Analyzing 24-
hours Electrocardiogram (Biological Rhythms) ................................................................................. 514
Long Term Microgravity: A Model for Investigating Mechanisms of Heart Disease with New Portable
Equipment (Card) .............................................................................................................................. 515
Cognitive Cardiovascular Experiment-1 (Cardiocog-1) .................................................................... 517
Cognitive Cardiovascular Experiment-2 (Cardiocog-2) ..................................................................... 519
Comprehensive Study of the Pattern of Main Indicators of Cardiac Activity and Blood Circulation
(Cardio-ODNT/Cardio-ODNT Perfection), Two Investigations .......................................................... 521
Cardiorespiratory Adaptation to the Space Environment (CardioRespir) ........................................ 523
Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Control on Return from ISS (CCISS) ........................................ 525
24-Hour Pattern of Blood Pressure and Heart Rate in Weightlessness (Circa) ................................ 527
Study of the Regulation and Biomechanics of Respiration in Spaceflight (Dykhaniye) .................... 529
Assessment of Endurance Capacity by Gas Exchange and Heart Rate Kinetics During Physical
Training (EKE) .................................................................................................................................... 531
Physiological Parameters That Predict Orthostatic Intolerance After Spaceflight (Heart) ............... 533
Cardiac Atrophy and Diastolic Dysfunction During and After Long-duration Spaceflight: Functional
Consequences for Orthostatic Intolerance, Exercise Capability and Risk for Cardiac Arrhythmias
(Integrated Cardiovascular) .............................................................................................................. 535
Test of Midodrine as a Countermeasure Against Postflight Orthostatic Hypotension – Long- and
Short-Duration Biological Investigation (Midodrine-Long and SDBI), Two Investigations ............... 537