Physical Chemistry , 1st ed.

molecular axis. Figure 14.22 shows these rotational degrees of freedomfor linear and nonlinear molecules. For rotations, as for ...

Example 14.11 Determine the number of vibrational degrees of freedom for the following molecules. a.Hydrogen chloride, HCl b.Hyd ...

86,500 GHz. Therefore, it absorbs only the light that has the same frequency: 86,500 GHz. Light of this frequency has a waveleng ...

By making this ideal harmonic oscillator assumption, we make the wave- functions and energies for the ideal harmonic oscillator ...

where the asterisk is used to indicate an isotopic substitution. When we take a ratio of the above two equations, such treatment ...

Solution We can use a ratio similar to the one used in Example 14.12, in terms of the reduced masses of the molecules, and use t ...

Therefore, the gross selection rule for vibrations is the presence of a dipole mo- ment that changes during the course of the vi ...

Example 14.14 Which of the following molecules will have pure vibrational spectra? a.Hydrogen sulfide, H 2 S b.Oxygen, O 2 c.Ozo ...

Because of the energy involved in vibrational transitions, almost all vibra- tional spectra measured at room temperature are pro ...

14.12 Vibrational Spectroscopy of Diatomic and Linear Molecules For infrared absorption spectroscopy of diatomic molecules, only ...

Instead of using V^12 kx^2 as the vibrational potential energy function of real diatomic molecules, it is common to use the f ...

subscript is used as a reminder that this measurement is made with respect to the v0 vibrational state). The relationship betwe ...

where the units on eand Deare the same so that xeis unitless. Definition of a diatomic molecule as a Morse potential oscillator ...

in, one out with respect to the center atom. This type of motion is called an asymmetric stretching vibration.It is IR-active, b ...

b.HClO has, roughly, an H–Cl stretch, a Cl–O stretch, and a doubly degen- erate bending motion. c.BeF 2 has a symmetric Be–F str ...

terms of these equilibrium positions. When we realize that (in most cases) the amount of movement of atoms in a vibration is rel ...

group theory are therefore applicable to the study of molecular vibrations. We will use such tools to some extent in the materia ...

system that is recognized by spectroscopists. All are IR-active, so ammonia will absorb infrared radiation having four character ...

the molecule, the fewer unique vibrational frequencies a molecule has, and the fewer that have a corresponding change in dipole ...

Example 14.19 Determine the number of IR-active vibrations of carbon tetrachloride, CCl 4 , which has Tdsymmetry. Solution The s ...