untitled

nursing practice that is theoretically derived; (2)
the integration of King’s work in evidence-based
nursing practice; (3) the integration of King’s con-
cepts within standardized nursing language
(SNLs); (4) analyzing the future impact of man-
aged care, continuous quality improvement, and
technology on King’s concepts; (5) identification,
or development and implementation, of relevant
instruments; and (6) clarification of effective
nursing interventions, including identification of
relevant NICs, based on King’s work.

EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE
DERIVED FROM THEORY

What is evidence-based practice and how will
evidence-based nursing practice evolve? Even
though Florence Nightingale realized the impor-
tance of using evidence to guide practice 135 years
ago, the field of medicine takes credit for the
current trend of evidence-based practice.
However, nursing, as a discipline, has continued
to evolve in the use of scientific evidence. Titler
(1998), a nurse, defines evidence-based practice as

“the conscientious and judicious use of current

best evidence to guide health care decisions” (p. 1).

Similar to evidence-based medicine, nursing must

attend to what is critical for effective nursing care.

The questions practicing nurses address, and the

types of research that provide these answers, are

likely to be different from the questions of other

disciplines.

From an evidence-based practice and King’s

perspective, the profession must implement three

strategies to apply theory-based research findings

effectively. First, nursing as a discipline must de-

velop rules of evidence in evaluation of quality re-

search that reflect the unique contribution of

nursing to health care. Second, the nursing rules of

evidence must include heavier weight for research

that is derived from, or adds to, nursing theory.

Third, the nursing rules of evidence must reflect

higher scores when nursing’s central beliefs are af-

firmed in the choice of variables. King’s (1981)

work on the concepts of client and nurse percep-

tions, and the achievement of mutual goals, has

been assimilated and accepted as core beliefs of the

discipline. This third strategy of the use of concepts

260 SECTION III Nursing Theory in Nursing Practice, Education, Research, and Administration

King

Richard-Hughes

Gill, Hopwood-Jones, Tyndall, Gregoroff, LeBlanc, Lovett, Rasco, and Ross

Porteous and Tyndall

Byrne-Coker, Fradley, Harris, Tomarchio, Chan, and Caron

Fitch, Rogers, Ross, Shea, Smith, and Tucker

Porter

Schreiber

Byrne and Schreiber

Pearson and Vaughan

Kameoka

Nagano and Funashima

Kusaka

Olsson and Forsdahl

Rooke

Rooke and Norberg

Frey, Rooke, Sieloff, Messmer, and Kameoka

Rooda

King

Spratlen

1984

1997

1995

1994

1990

1991

1991

1991

1989

1986

1995

1995

1991

1996

1995

1995

1988

1995

1992

1990

1976

Table 16–13 Multicultural Application

TOPIC AUTHOR(S) YEAR

Documentation

African-American

Canada

England

Japan

Norway

Sweden

Multicultural approach