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vertebrate the more complex the immune system. Fish and amphibians have fairly rudimentary immunity with the most sophisticated ...

7.1.1 Development of the immune system Mammalian embryos develop an immune system before birth which is capable of providing the ...

fundamental to the development of the immune system and without it the organism could not continue to develop. The remainder of ...

exposed to antigens. The stimulation of the B cells leads to two major changes apart from antibody secretion. It leads to a larg ...

in some species. Providing that the antigen is large enough and that it does not resemble proteins in the host animal then antib ...

hundreds of hybridoma clones, each making an individual antibody. The most important part of making hybridomas is the screening ...

7.1.3 Antibody structure and function Antibodies as they are found in nature are all based on a Y-shaped molecule consisting of ...

Treatment with the enzyme papain gives rise to one double antigen-binding fragment(F(ab^0 ) 2 )and multiple Fc fragments. The en ...

antibody. Hyperimmunity carries risk, as additional exposure to antigen can lead to anaphylactic shock due to the overwhelmingly ...

7.2 Making antibodies All methods used in immunochemistry rely on the antibody molecule or derivatives of it. Antibodies can be ...

Small quantities of very pure polyclonal antibodies can be produced in rats and mice in ascitic fluid. Ascites is a mammalian re ...

Mice are immunised, usually three or four times over the course of 3–4 months, by the intraperitoneal route using antigen mixed ...

them to grow in the presence of aminopterin. Unfused NS-0 cells are unable to assimilate nucleosides and die after a few days. U ...

liquid nitrogen vapour are stable for many years and can be resuscitated successfully after decades. Cells are transferred into ...

optimal). The magnitude of the response will increase the greater the molecular weight. If an antibody is to be made to a molecu ...

7.2.6 Anti-idiotype antibodies The binding site of an anti-idiotype antibody is a copy of an epitope. They are made by deriving ...

clones to the immobilised antigen. The clones that bind to the antigen are desirable and those that do not bind are washed away. ...

one end separated from the media container by a membrane. Others have capillary systems formed from membrane running through the ...

Tissue culture supernatant is often concentrated before purification to reduce the volume of liquid.Tangential flowdevices andce ...

popular. Linkage is achieved by simple chemistry to provide stable antibody–enzyme conjugates. Glutaraldehyde is a cross-linking ...