194
(^102) Ibid.,p.68.Elsewhereheobserves:‘Ḥāfiẓ’shadonlyonesolemotivationinharanguingandassailing
the Preacher, Ascetic, Sufi and Policeman throughout hisDīvān. That was his struggle against
hypocrisy,forthesefigureswerehighrepresentativesofthePharisaicalsanctimonyandcantwhich
typifiedhisage’(Ḥāfiẓ-nāma,II,p.819).
(^103) ForotherstudiesonhypocrisyinḤāfiẓ’sthought,seeMuḥammadShafī‘ī,‘Mubāriza-iḤāfiẓbāriyā’’,
in Manṣūr Rastigār (ed.),Maqālātīdar-bāra-izindagīvashi‘r-iḤāfiẓ, pp. 330–41; Fattī,Hāfiẓrāchinīn
pindāshta-and, pp. 105–12; Yathribī,Āb-i ṭarabnāk: taḥlīl-i mawḍū‘ī-yi Dīvān-i Ḥāfiẓ, pp. 483–5, who
devotesanentiresub-sectioninhischapteronḤāfiẓ’sversesabouthypocrisytothosewrittenonthe
themeofthe‘preferenceofvice[fasād]overhypocrisyandostentation’.
(^104) Dīvān-iḤāfiẓ,ed.Khānlarī,ghazal335:4.
(^105) Khurramshāhī,Ḥāfiẓ-nāma,II,p.818.
(^106) Anṣārī,Sadmaydān,inMajmū’a-iRasā’il-ifārsī-yi...Anṣārī,pp.318–19.
(^107) Khurramshāhī,Ḥāfiẓ-nāma, II, p. 818. Also cf. Lāhūrī’s definitions of hypocrisy:Sharḥ-i ‘irfānī, II,
p.1460.
(^108) Nahj,p.83;Peak,p.216. IamindebtedtoDrRezaShah-Kazemi,hereandelsewherethroughoutthis
chapter,forallreferencestoNahjal-Balāgha.
(^109) CitedbySayyidḤaydarĀmulīinhiscommentaryonSūraYūsuf,XII:106;‘Andmostofthembelieve
not in God, except that they are polytheists [illūwahummushrikūn]’,Al-Muḥīṭal-a‘ẓam, I, p. 284. The
ḥadīthisfoundinslightlydifferingversionsinMasnadIbnḤanbal,vol.4,p.403;al-Mustadrak,vol.1,
p.113;andTabarsīinhiscommentonverseVI:108.IamindebtedtoDrRezaShah-Kazemiforthese
references,whicharegivenbytheeditorofAl-Muḥīṭ,Muḥsinal-Mūsawīal-Tabrīzī,vol.I,p.284,n.54.
(^110) HamletIII.i.47–9.PoloniustoOphelia.
(^111) Dīvān-iḤāfiẓ,ed.Khanlari,ghazal262:2.Trans.byBlyandLewisohn,Angels,p.31.Seealsoghazal347:4.
(^112) On Ḥāfiẓ’s bacchanalia (a topic frequently discussed and studied by scholars), the best sources rele-
vanttomyanalysishereare:Bukhārā’ī,Farhang-iash‘ār-iḤāfiẓ,pp.197–8;Khurramshāhī,Ḥāfiẓ-nāma,
I,pp.153–4.
(^113) Dīvān-iḤāfiẓ,ed.Khanlari,ghazal26:7.Trans.byBlyandLewisohn,Angels,p.31.
(^114) Ibid.,ghazal126:10.
(^115) Ibid.,ghazal191: 6. Ḥāfiẓ’s doctrine in this verse follows Niẓārī Quhistānī’s bacchanalian tenets
exactly,asIhaveshowninmy‘SufismandIsmā‘īlīDoctrinein...NizārīQuhistānī’,pp.233–5.
(^116) Ibid.,ghazal25:4.
(^117) Dīwān-iKhwājaḤāfiẓ-iShīrāzī,ed.Anjawī-Shīrāzī,p.145.
(^118) Dīvān-iḤāfiẓ,ed.Khānlarī,ghazal115:4.
(^119) Ibid.,ghazal30:6.
(^120) Ibid.,ghazal385:9.
(^121) Ibid.,ghazal25:7–8.Cf.Khurramshāhī,‘Mayl-iḤāfiẓbihgunāh’,p.74;Mazār‘ī,Mafhūm-irindīdarshi‘r-
iḤāfiẓ,pp.107–8.
(^122) Dīvān-iḤāfiẓ,ed.Khānlarī,ghazal399:8.
(^123) See also Khurramshāhī’s remarkable essay on ‘Ḥāfiẓ’sPenchant for Sin’ (‘Mayl-i Ḥāfiẓ bih gunāh’), in
hisDhihn u zabān-i Ḥāfiẓ, pp. 61–92; also hisḤāfiẓ-nāma, I, pp. iii–viii, where the same subject is
broached.
(^124) Dīvān-iḤāfiẓ,ed.Khānlarī,ghazal84:7.
(^125) Cf.Yohannan,‘ThePersianPoetḤāfiẓinEnglandandAmerica’,pp.107–19.
(^126) Lāhūrī,Sharḥ-i‘irfānī-yighazalhā-yi-iḤāfiẓ, I, p. 490. See also Losensky (trans.),Faridad-Din‘Attār’s
MemorialofGod’sFriends,p.51.
(^127) Tadhkiratal-awliyā’,ed.Isti‘lāmī,p.17.
(^128) Nahjal-Balāgha,43,p.414;trans.SayedAliReza,PeakofEloquence,no.46,p.581.
(^129) JohnTaylor,‘Ja‘faral-Ṣādiq:SpiritualForebearoftheṢūfīs’,pp.112ff.;CarlErnst,‘TheStagesofLove
inEarlyPersianSufism’,pp.436–7.
(^130) Seemy‘Overview:IranianIslamandPersianateSufism’,inLewisohn(ed.),TheHeritageofSufism,I,pp.
19–24,wherethisdistinctionisdiscussedindetail.
ḤāfiẓandtheReligionofLoveinClassicalPersianPoetry