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36 Biological Activities and Production of Marine-Derived Peptides 699or separation of bioactive peptides (Poulin et al. 2006, 2007,
2008). EDFM represents a reliable and cost-effective separation
technique, especially when compared to traditional methods,
such as chromatography. Further scale-up developments will be
necessary to confirm its feasibility at large scale.ChromatographyChromatography offers a variety of methods to separate peptides
based on charge, hydrophobicity, size, and molecular recogni-
tion. Chromatography is a powerful technique to achieve high
degrees of purity. It has been well established in biotechno-
logical industries as a production scale unit operation and as
an analytical tool to monitor the quality of raw materials and
end products and the purification efficiency of sequential down-
stream operations. Much effort has been given to develop se-
lective column chromatography methods that can isolate and
purify bioactive peptides. However, lesser reported are the ad-
vances in preparative chromatography of bioactive peptides.
This area will play an increasingly important role in the cost-
efficient and environmentally acceptable manufacture of bioac-
tive peptides. Purification of peptides may be performed via dif-
ferent separation techniques used separately or in combination.
Some, like crystallization or precipitation, are fairly well es-
tablished, although they are constantly being improved. Others,
like liquid–liquid extraction, chromatography, and electrophore-
sis, are being developed with a view to being scaled up in the near
future.CONCLUSIONS
Marine-derived bioactive peptides play a vital role in human
health and have potential as active ingredients for preparation of
various functional foods and pharmaceutical products. The pos-
sibilities of designing new functional foods and pharmaceuticals
based on marine-derived peptides to support reducing or regulat-
ing diet related chronic ailments are promising. These peptides
can be naturally formed by hydrolysis by proteolytic enzymes or
fermentation. Furthermore, fish processing by-products can be
easily utilized for producing bioactive peptides. Until now, most
of the biological activities of marine-derived bioactive peptides
have been observed in vitro or in mouse model systems. Human
clinical studies are limited or nonexistent. Therefore, further re-
search is needed in order to clarify the relevance and potential
therapeutic role of bioactive peptides in human subjects. A few
commercial food products supplemented with marine-derived
bioactive peptides have been launched in limited markets. As
part of a normal dietary regimen, they must demonstrate their
effects in amounts that are reasonably expected to be consumed.
Recently, industrial-scale technologies suitable for the indus-
trial production of bioactive peptides have been developed. The
multifunctional properties of marine-derived peptides appear to
offer considerable potential for the development of many similar
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