BLBS102-c37 BLBS102-Simpson March 21, 2012 14:15 Trim: 276mm X 219mm Printer Name: Yet to Come
720 Part 6: Health/Functional Foods
pigments account for about 30% of the market. It is predicted that
the market share of natural pigments will continue to grow and
surpass that of synthetic colors due to the increasing consumer
concerns with the latter.
Thus, what needs to be done is more research to address
the disadvantages with the commercial production and use of
natural food pigments. Sources of the major food colors (red,
blue, and yellow) must be identified; procedures to recover them
efficiently and in purer and more stable forms, such as enzyme-
assisted treatments (Kim et al. 2005) need to be developed; and
treatments and/or conditions to stabilize them such as use in
combination with antioxidants need to be exploited.
REFERENCES
Akiyama H et al. 2001. Antibacterial action of several tannins
againstStaphylococcus aureus.J Antimicrob Chemother48:
487–491.
Albanes D et al. 1996. Alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supple-
ments and lung cancer incidence in the alpha-tocopherol, beta-
carotene Cancer Prevention Study: effects of base-line charac-
teristics and study compliance.J Nat Cancer Inst88: 1560–
1570.
Anon. 2005. 1996–2005, MelaninProducts.com – PhotoProtective
Technologies.
AOCS. 2004. VC Mehlenbacher et al. (eds.)Official Methods and
Recommended Practices of the American Oil Chemists’ Society,
5th edn. American Oil Chemists Society, Champaign, IL.
Ayehunie S et al. 1996. Inhibition of HIV-1 replication by an aqueous
extract ofSpirulina platensis (Arthrospira platensis). 7th IAAA
Conference, Knysa, South Africa, April 17.
Bailey DG, Dresser GK. 2004. Interactions between grapefruit juice
and cardiovascular drugs.Am J Cardiovasc Drugs4(5): 281–297.
Beale SI. 1990. Biosynthesis of the tetrapyrrole pigment precur-
sorδ–aminolevulinic acid from glutamate.Plant Physiol93:
1273–1279.
Benjakul S et al. 2005. Properties of phenoloxidase isolated from
the cephalothorax of kuruma prawn (Penaeus japonicus).J Food
Biochem29: 470–485.
Bernstein PS et al. 2004. Resonance Raman measurement of mac-
ular carotenoids in the living human eye.Arch Biochem Biophys
430(2): 163–169.
Bhat VB, Madyastha KM. 2000. C-Phycocyanin: A potent peroxyl
radical scavengerin vivoandin vitro.Biochem Biophys Res Comm
275: 20–25.
Bhat VB, Madyastha KM. 2001. Scavenging of peroxynitrite by
phycocyanin and phycocyanobilin fromSpirulina platensis:pro-
tection against oxidative damage to DNA.Biochem Biophys Res
Comm286: 262–266.
Bittner S. 2006. When quinones meet amino acids: chemical, phys-
ical and biological consequences.Amino Acids30(3): 205–224.
Blarzino C et al. 1999. Lipoxygenase/H 2 O 2 -catalyzed oxidation
of dihydroxyindoles: synthesis of melanin pigments and study
of their antioxidant properties.Free Radic Biol Med26(3–4):
446–453.
Bonkovsky HL. 2006. Hepatotoxicity associated with supplements
containing Chinese green tea (Camellia sinensis).Ann Intern Med
144(1): 68–71.
Boussiba S, Richmond AE. 1979. Isolation and characterization of
phycocyanins from the blue-green algaSpirulina platensis.Arch
Microbial120: 155–159.
Bowers WF. 1947. Chlorophyll in wound healing and suppurative
disease.Am J Surg71: 37–50.
Breithaupt DE. 2004. Identification and quantification of astaxan-
thin esters in shrimp (Pandalus borealis) and in a Microalga
(Haematococcos pluvialis) by liquid chromatography-mass spec-
trometry using negative ion atmospheric pressure chemical ion-
ization.J Agric Food Chem52: 3870–3875.
Britton G. 1996. Carotenoids. In: GAF Hendry, JD Houghton (eds.)
Natural Food Colorants, 2nd edn. Blackie Academic & Profes-
sional, London, pp. 197–243.
Burri BJ et al. 2003. Measurements of the major isoforms of
vitamins A and E and carotenoids in the blood of people
with spinal-cord injuries. J Chromatogr A 987(1–2): 359–
366.
Cable J et al. 1994. Effects of mutations at the W locus (c-kit) on
inner ear pigmentation and function in the mouse.Pigment Cell
Res7(1): 17–32.
Carpenter JA et al. 1967. Effects of anthocyanin pigments on certain
enzymes.Proc Soc Exp Biol Med124: 702–706.
Carrilho MC et al. 2009. Effect of diet, slaughter weight and sex
on instrumental and sensory meat characteristics in rabbits.Meat
Sci82(1): 37–43.
Chen JS et al. 1993. Effect of carbon dioxide on the inactivation of
Florida spiny lobster polyphenol oxidase.J Sci Food Agric61:
253–259.
Chen S-C, Chung K-T. 2000. Mutagenicity and antimutagenicity
studies of tannic acid and its related compounds.Food Chem
Toxicol38(1): 1–5.
Chen W-L, Chow C-J. 2001. Studies on the physicochemical prop-
erties of milkfish myoglobin.J Food Biochem25: 157–174.
Chun OK et al. 2003. Superoxide radical scavenging activity of the
major polyphenols in fresh plums.J Agric Food Chem51(27):
8067–8072.
Chung K-T et al. 1998. Tannins and human health: a review.Crit
Rev Food Sci Nutr38(6): 421–64.
Cliff MA et al. 2007. Anthocyanin, phenolic composition, colour
measurement and sensory analysis of BC commercial red wines.
Food Res Int40(1): 92–100.
Colio LG, Babb V. 1948. Study of a new stimulatory growth factor.
J Biol Chem174: 405–409.
Dahan A, Altman H. 2004. Food-drug interaction: grapefruit juice
augments drug bioavailability-mechanism, extent and relevance.
Eur J Clin Nutr58(1): 1–9.
Delgado-Vargas F, Paredes-L ́opez O. 2003.Natural Colorants for
Food and Nutraceutical Uses. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Dembinska-Kiec A. 2005. Carotenoids: risk or benefit for health.
Biochim Biophys Acta (BBA) - Mol Basis Dis1740(2): 93–94.
Didry N et al. 1986. Activite antibacterienne de naphthoquinones ́
d’origine v ́egetale.Ann Pharm Fr44: 73–78.
Drelinkiewicz A, Waksmundzka-Gora A. 2006. Hydrogenation of ́
2-ethyl-9,10-anthraquinone on Pd/SiO 2 catalysts: The role of hu-
midity in the transformation of hydroquinone form.J Mol Catal
A: Chem258(1.2): 1–9.
Ferrer OJ et al. 1989. Phenoloxidase levels in Florida spiny lobster
(Panulirus argus): relationship to season and molting stage.Comp
Biochem Physiol93B: 595–599.