- Continued use despite knowledge of medical problems related^84 4. Once abuse or dependence is established, substance procure- 3. Chronic use leads to remarkably high levels of tolerance. 3. Nicotine is commonly used to relieve or to avoid withdrawal 2. Dependence occurs after recreational use of the substance 1. Various forms are taken orally, intravenously, by nasal inha- 5. Cessation or decreased consumption results in a “craving” for Opioid Dependence/AbuseNicotine Withdrawal 1. Symptoms of withdrawal develop within 24 hours after 2. Symptoms of nicotine withdrawal include dysphoric or Opioid Intoxication^ “on the street” or after prescribed use of the substance for abrupt cessation of (or reduction in) prolonged nicotine use.the substance and produces a specifiheart rate, and increased appetite. to smoking is a particularly important health problem. ation where use is restricted.lation, and by smoking.symptoms that occur when the individual has been in a situ-depressed mood, insomnia, irritability, frustration, anger, relief of pain or cough.ment often comes to dominate the person’s life.anxiety, diffi●^ ALTERATIONS IN PSYCHOSOCIAL ADAPTATION culty concentrating, restlessness, decreased c syndrome of withdrawal.
Opioid Withdrawal 2. Symptoms of opioid intoxication include euphoria (initially) 2. Symptoms of opioid withdrawal can occur within minutes 1. Symptoms of opioid withdrawal occur after cessation of (or 3. Physical symptoms of opioid intoxication include pupil- 1. Symptoms of intoxication develop during or shortly after withdrawal can also occur after administration of an opioid occupational functioning.impairment in attention or memory (APA, 2000). abdominal cramping, diarrhea, yawning, fever, and insomnia. retardation, impaired judgment, and impaired social or reduction in) heavy and prolonged opioid use. Symptoms of lary constriction, drowsiness or coma, slurred speech, and antagonist after a period of opioid use.followed by apathy, dysphoria, psychomotor agitation or to several days following use (or antagonist), and include dysphoric mood, nausea or vomiting, muscle aches, lacrima-tion or rhinorrhea, pupillary dilation, piloerection, sweating, opioid use.
84 ●^ ALTERATIONS IN PSYCHOSOCIAL ADAPTATION
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