sidered to be the direct result of the physiological effects of a condition (APA, 2000). 1. ● exposure).Cyclothymic DisorderThe essential feature is a chronic mood disturbance of at least 2 years’ duration, involving numerous periods of depression and hypomania, but not of suffisubstance (e.g., use or abuse of a drug or a medication, or toxin the criteria for either bipolar I or II disorder. There is an absence of psychotic features.Bipolar Disorder due to General Medical ConditionThis disorder is characterized by a prominent and persistent dis-turbance in mood (bipolar symptomatology) that is judged to be the direct result of the physiological effects of a general medical^146 Substance-Induced Bipolar Disorder The bipolar symptoms associated with this disorder are con- a. PREDISPOSING FACTORS TO BIPOLAR DISORDERBiological^ ●Genetics.bipolar disorder among monozygotic twins at 60% to 80% compared to 10% to 20% in dizygotic twins. Family studies have shown that if one parent has bipolar disorder, the risk^ ALTERATIONS IN PSYCHOSOCIAL ADAPTATION Twin studies have indicated a concordance rate for cient severity and duration to meet
2506_Ch07_145-160.indd 0146 2506 Ch 07 145 - 160 .ind 2. d 0 Physiological b. a. 146 balances may be related to abnormalities in cellular mem-brane function in bipolar disorder.appears to be equally common in men and women (APA, 2000). Increasing evidence continues to support the role of Davies, & Dubovsky, 2003). If both parents have the disor-genetics in the predisposition to bipolar disorder.Neuroanatomical factorsthat a child will have the disorder is around 28% (Dubovsky, Biochemical.limbic system, temporobasal areas, basal ganglia, and thalamus have been shown to induce secondary der, the risk is two to three times as great. Bipolar disorder els of norepinephrine and dopamine during an episode of depression, the opposite appears to be true of an individ-ual experiencing a manic episode. Thus, the behavioral responses of elation and euphoria may be caused by an excess of these biogenic amines in the brain. It has also been suggested that manic individuals have increased intracellular sodium and calcium. These electrolyte im- Just as there is an indication of lowered lev-. Right-sided lesions in the 1 10/1/10 9:34:48 AM 0 / 1 / 10 9 : 34 : 48 AM