Nursing Diagnoses in Psychiatric Nursing Care Plans and Psychotropic Medications

(^178) 2. Psychosocial a. c. The psychodynamic theory of conversion disorder pro- b.^ ●from the need to deal with a stressful situation, whether it driasis as an ego defense mechanism. They hypothesize that physical complaints are the expression of low self-esteem and feelings of worthlessness and that the individual believes it is easier to feel somet h ing is w rong w it h t he body than to feel something is wrong with the self.often reinforced when the sick role relieves the individual poses that emotions associated with a traumatic event that the individual cannot express because of moral or ethical unacceptability are “converted” into physical symptoms. The unacceptable emotions are repressed and converted Sociocultural/Familial Factors. way of the original emotional trauma.PsychodynamicFamily Dynamics. receives positive reinforcement for the illness.welfare becomes the common concern. The child in turn emotions openly and resolving conflity to the family, as harmony replaces discord and the child’s occurs, the child may become ill, and a shift in focus is made from the open conflopenly. Thus, somatization by the child brings some stabil-solved the underlying issues that the family cannot confront to a somatic hysterical symptom that is symbolic in some^ ALTERATIONS IN PSYCHOSOCIAL ADAPTATION. Some psychodynamicists view hypochon-Some families have diffi ict to the child’s illness, leaving unre-Somatic complaints are icts verbally. When this culty expressing
2506_Ch09_176-190.indd Sec1:178 2506 Ch 09 176 - 190 .indd S d. e. ec 1 :of recurrence. The fear of recurring illness generates an exaggerated response to minor physical changes, leading to hypochondriacal behaviors.ties, or becomes the prominent focus of attention because Cultural and Environmental Factors. of the illness, positive reinforcement virtually guarantees religions carry implicit sanctions against verbalizing or son is allowed to avoid stressful obligations and postpone directly expressing emotional states, thereby indirectly encouraging “more acceptable” somatic behaviors. Cross-cultural studies have shown that the somatization symp-toms associated with depression are relatively similar, but the “cognitive” or emotional symptoms such as guiltrepetition of the response.be within society or within the family. When the sick per-Past Experience with Physical Illnessunwelcome challenges, is excused from troublesome du-ence, or the experience of close family members, with seri-ous or life-threatening illness can predispose an individual to hypochondriasis. Once an individual has experienced a threat to biological integrity, he or she may develop a fear 178 Some cultures and. Personal experi- 1 10/1/10 9:35:17 AM 0 / 1 / 10 9 : 35 : 17 AM