DefiPossible Etiologies (“related to”)[History of seeking assistance from numerous health-care [Refuses to attend therapeutic activities because of pain][Demanding behaviors]●Guarding behaviorFacial mask [of pain]DefiReduced interaction with peopleVerbal report of pain [in the absence of pathophysiological ing from actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms of such damage (International Association for the Study of Pain); sud-den or slow onset of any intensity from mild to severe, constant or recurring without an anticipated or predictable end and a duration of greater than 6 months.^180 [Severe level of anxiety, repressed][Low self-esteem][Unmet dependency needs][Secondary gains from the sick role]^ evidence]professionals]CHRONIC PAIN^ nition: ning Characteristics (“evidenced by”)●^ ALTERATIONS IN PSYCHOSOCIAL ADAPTATION Unpleasant sensory and emotional experience aris-
2 2506_Ch09_176-190.indd Sec1:180 506 Ch 09 176 - 190 .indInterventions with 1. Monitor physician’s ongoing assessments and laboratory re-Goals/ObjectivesShort-term Goal 2. Recognize and accept that the pain is real to the individual, Within 2 weeks, client will verbalize understanding of correla-tion between pain and psychological problems.Long-term Goal[Excessive use of analgesics, without relief of pain]By time of discharge from treatment, client will verbalize a^ noticeable, if not complete, relief from pain.Self-focusingd3. Observe and record the duration and intensity of the Seven though no organic cause can be identifiports client’s feelings is nontherapeutic and hinders the develop-pain. Note factors that precipitate the onset of pain. Identification of the precipitating stressor is importantment of a trusting relationship.ec 1 : 180 to ascertain that organic pathology is clearly ruled out.Selected Rationales ed. Denying the 1 10/1/10 9:35:18 AM 0 / 1 / 10 9 : 35 : 18 AM
