list but rather to suggest the need for clinical testing of what is follows:available. NANDA encourages nurses to submit new diagnoses ● NANDA International (NANDA-I) describes its purpose as been conducted in the clinical setting.for consideration, after testing and research of that diagnosis has is incomplete. My intent is not to judge the completeness of this ogy is important in the provision of consistent care over time, among nurses, across shifts, and even between different health-care agencies. This text incorporates the nomenclature of Taxonomy II that has been adopted by NANDA-I.unique, evidence-based perspective includes social, psychological There are those individuals who believe that NANDA’s list and spiritual dimensions of care (NANDA-I, 2009).Standardization of nursing actions and common terminol-NANDA International exists to develop, refiThere are three essential components in a nursing diagnosis, minology that accurately reflHOW TO USE THIS BOOK ects nurses’ clinical judgments. This IntroductionINTRODUCTION ne and promote ter-●^ xxvii
2 2506_FM_i-xxxvi.indd xxvii 506 _FM_i-xxxvi.indd xxvithen be written in this manner: Problem (or issue of concern) “related to” etiology “evidenced by” signs and symptoms (defiiing characteristics).lem (or human issue of concern), the “E” represents the etiol-ogy (or cause) of the problem, and the “S” describes a cluster of actual or potential health problems as assessed by the nurse. The etiology may be represented by past experiences of the individ-ual, genetic inflsigns and symptoms, or what has come to be known as “defiphysiological changes. The defiwhich comprise the what the client says and what the nurse observes that indicate the existence of a particular problem.characteristics.” These three parts are combined into one state-This book may be used as a guide in the construction of care plans for various psychiatric clients. The concepts are presented ment by the use of “connecting words.” The diagnosis would The problem can be identifiNursing diagnoses, then, become the basis for the care plan. uences, current environmental factors, or patho-PES format ed as the human response to. The “P” identifi ning characteristics describe es the prob- ning xxvii n- 1 10/4/10 3:53:25 PM 0 / 4 / 10 3 : 53 : 25 PM