Attention-defioccur in as many as 3% to 7% of school-age children. The course Predisposing Factorshyperactive-impulsive type.● bined type, predominantly inattentive type, and predominantly Attention-Defifurther categorizes the disorder into the following subtypes: com-Defican be chronic, persisting into adulthood. The D 1. ADHD is 4 to 9 times more common in boys than in girls and may ized by a “persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity- impulsivity that is more frequent and severe than is typically observed in individuals at a comparable level of development” (APA, 2000). The disorder is frequently not diagnosed until the child begins school because, prior to that time, childhood behavior is much more variable than that of older children.^26 a. b. DISRUPTIVE BEHAVIOR DISORDERSPhysiological ned●^ Biochemical.been suggested as a causative factor.dopamine, norepinephrine, and possibly serotonin have than normal children to have the disorder.Genetics.ADHD. Siblings of hyperactive children are more likely tary factors may be implicated in the predisposition to ALTERATIONS IN PSYCHOSOCIAL ADAPTATION cit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is character- A number of studies have indicated that heredi- cit/Hyperactivity Disorder Abnormal levels of the neurotransmitters SM-IV-TR
2506_Ch02_014-053.indd Sec1:26 2506 Ch 02 014 - 053 .indSymptomatology 2. Highly distractible. 1. Diffi 2. d S c. a. Psychosocialec 1 :psychosocial stress, maternal mental disorder, paternal predispose some individuals to ADHD. A high degree of Prenatal, Perinatal, and Postnatal Factors.vironments or a disruption in family equilibrium may from trauma, infections, or other neurological disorders.in an institution, and unstable foster care are factors that Environmental Inflhave been implicated (Dopheide, 2001; Voeller, 2004).and other central nervous system abnormalities resulting plicated. Postnatal factors include cerebral palsy, epilepsy, prolonged labor, and perinatal asphyxia have also been im-behavior. Premature birth, fetal distress, precipitated or toxic substances, including alcohol, can produce effects on offspring (Linnet et al., 2005). Intrauterine exposure to smoking during pregnancy has been linked to ADHD in criminality, low socioeconomic status, poverty, growing up 26 culties in performing age-appropriate tasks. (Subjective and Objective Data) uences. Disorganized or chaotic en- Maternal 10/1/10 9:33:19 AM 10 / 1 / 10 9 : 33 : 19 AM