Disorders Usually First Diagnosed in Infancy, Childhood, or Adolescence Signs and symptoms of Tourette’s disorder are as follows (APA, Symptomatology Predisposing Factors 1. 2. Data) b. c. PhysiologicalPsychosocial a. The genetic predisposition to Tourette’s disorder may a. between dominant and recessive (Sadock & Sadock, 2007). implicated in the etiology of Tourette’s disorder.Brain Alterations.weight, head trauma, carbon monoxide poisoning, and and dysfunction in the area of the basal ganglia have been nausea and vomiting or excessive stress), low birth encephalitis.Biochemical Factors.Genetics.mine, serotonin, dynorphin, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), acetylcholine, and norepinephrine have been associated with Tourette’s disorder (Popper et al., 2003).order is more common in relatives of individuals with the disorder than in the general population. It may be transmitted in an autosomal pattern intermediate be reinforced by certain factors in the environ-ment, such as complications of pregnancy (e.g., severe Family studies have shown that Tourette’s dis-(Subjective and Objective Altered levels of neurotransmitters Abnormalities in levels of dopa-●^43
2506_Ch02_014-053.indd Sec1:43 2506 Ch 02 014 - 053 .indd 7. Tics are markedly diminished during sleep. 4. Vocal tics may include repeating certain words or phrases out S2000; Popper et al., 2003): 5. The movements and vocalizations are experienced as compul- 2. Complex motor tics may follow and include touching, squat- 1. The disorder may begin with a single motor tic, such as eye 6. Tics are exacerbated by stress and attenuated during periods in 3. Vocal tics include various words or sounds such as clicks, ec 1 or coughing.grunts, yelps, barks, sniffs, snorts, coughs; in about 10% of and twirling when walking.ting, hopping, skipping, deep knee bends, retracing steps, sive and irresistible, but they can be suppressed for varying which the individual becomes totally absorbed by an activity.repeating what others say (echolalia).of context, repeating one’s own sounds or words (palilalia), or cases, a complex vocal tic involves uttering obscenities.lengths of time.blinking, neck jerking, shoulder shrugging, facial grimacing, : 43 1 10/1/10 9:33:24 AM 0 / 1 / 10 9 : 33 : 24 AM