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10.5 Chapter Summary
Affect guides behavior, helps us make decisions, and has a major impact on our mental and
physical health. Affect is guided by arousal—our experiences of the bodily responses created by
the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.
Emotions are the mental and physiological feeling states that direct our attention and guide our
behavior. The most fundamental emotions, known as the basic emotions, are those of anger,
disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise. A variety of secondary emotions are determined
by the process of cognitive appraisal. The distinction between the primary and the secondary
emotions is paralleled by two brain pathways: a fast pathway and a slow pathway.
There are three primary theories of emotion, each supported by research evidence. The Cannon-
Bard theory of emotion proposed that the experience of an emotion is accompanied by
physiological arousal. The James-Lange theory of emotion proposes that our experience of an
emotion is the result of the arousal that we experience. The two-factor theory of emotion asserts
that the experience of emotion is determined by the intensity of the arousal we are experiencing,
but that the cognitive appraisal of the situation determines what the emotion will be. When
people incorrectly label the source of the arousal that they are experiencing, we say that they
have misattributed their arousal.