ANSWERS, DISCUSSION, AND FURTHER ADVICE 155(claim 3 in this example) plays a significant role in explaining why the other prem-
ises lead to a particular conclusion.
d What was the explanation for (Sydney beating Beijing for the 2000
Olympics) 1? There were two main reasons. (The Sydney organisers did a
better job of lobbying the International Olympic Committee delegates) 2
and, because of (political crises in China at the time) 3 and (perceived doubts
about Beijing's quality of services and venues) 4, (Sydney offered a much safer
venue for a successful Olympic games) 5.
This example is the hardest. The 'two main reasons' signal might confuse you
about the nature of claims 3 and 4. But think about what the author is trying to
say with the 'because'. It does not relate to claim 1, but gives two reasons for claim
- We can think of these last three claims as a sub-argument. Claim 5 functions as
the conclusion in this sub-argument but then becomes a premise in the main expla-
nation. Note, too, that 'political crises in China' is a short-hand way of saying
'There were political crises in China at that time', and similarly for claim 4. Read
further in chapter 3 for a discussion of the role of these sub-arguments inside a
main argument or explanation.
Exercise 3.5
First, do not write, as if it were one claim, a statement that is either not a claim or
is two claims. For example, the sentence 'We should study reasoning because it
will help us to understand our world better' contains two claims, linked with the
word 'because'. For your analytical structure to be workable, each numbered state-
ment must be one claim only. Use your analytical structure diagram to show the
relationship signalled by words such as 'because'. Labelling 'Reasoning is that skill
that' as claim 1 and 'helps us to solve problems' as claim 2 is also wrong. One
claim has, in this example, been split falsely into two non-claims. A claim needs
to connect internally two key ideas or concepts. 'Reasoning is that skill that helps
us to solve problems' is one claim, connecting reasoning with the idea of solving
problems.