NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY RESOURCES AND UTILISATION 53
2.14 Bio-Gas
Biogas is a good fuel. Have you thought how this is fomed? Biomass like animal excreta, veg-
etable wastes and weeds undergo decomposition in the absence of oxygen in a biogas plant and form a
mixture of gases. This mixture is the biogas. Its main constituent is methane. This is used as a fuel for
cooking and Lighting.
2.14.1 Aerobic and Anaerobic Bio-Conversion Process
There are mainly three aerobic and anaerobic bio-conversion process for the biomass energy
applications: There are:
Bioproducts: Converting biomass into chemicals for making products that typically are made
from petroleum.
Biofuels: Converting biomass into liquid fuels for transportation.
Biopower: Burning biomass directly, or converting it into a gaseous fuel or oil, to generate
electricity.
Bioproducts. Whatever products we can make from fossil fuels, we can make using biomass.
These bioproducts, or biobased products, are not only made from renewable sources, they also often
require less energy to produce than petroleum-based products.
Researchers have discovered that the process for making biofuels releasing the sugars that make
up starch and cellulose in plants also can be used to make antifreeze, plastics, glues, artificial sweeten-
ers, and gel for toothpaste.
Other important building blocks for bioproducts include carbon monoxide and hydrogen. When
biomass is heated with a small amount of oxygen present, these two gases are produced in abundance.
Scientists call this mixture biosynthesis gas. Biosynthesis gas can be used to make plastics and acids,
which can be used in making photographic films, textiles, and synthetic fabrics.
When biomass is heated in the absence of oxygen, it forms pyrolysis oil. A chemical called
phenol can be extracted from pyrolysis oil. Phenol is used to make wood adhesives, molded plastic, and
foam insulation.
Biofuels. Unlike other renewable energy sources, biomass can be converted directly into Liquid
fuels, biofuels. For our transportation needs (cars, trucks, buses, airplanes, and trains). The two most
common types of biofuels are ethanol and biodiesel.
Ethanol is an alcohol, the same found in beer and wine. It is made by fermenting any biomass
high in carbohydrates (starches, sugars, or celluloses) through a process similar to brewing beer. Ethanol
is mostly used as a fuel additive to cut down a vehicle's carbon monoxide and other smog-causing
emissions. But flexible fuel vehicles, which run on mixtures of gasoline and up to 85% ethanol, are
now available.
Biodiesel is made by combining alcohol (usually methanol) with vegetable oil, animal fat, or
recycled cooking greases. It can be used as an additive to reduce vehicle emissions (typically 20%) or
in its pure form as a renewable alternative fuel for diesel engines.
Other biofuels include methanol and reformulated gasoline components. Methanol, commonly
called wood alcohol, is currently produced from natural gas, but could also be produced from biomass.