Lecture 16: 1532 Cajamarca—Inca vs. Conquistadors
Outcomes
x The conquest and subsequent colonization of the Americas by
European powers in the 16th century was certainly a turning point
in history, with wide-reaching effects that are still felt around the
world today. But the question remains: Why were the Spanish
successful in the face of overwhelming odds?x One obvious factor is naval technology. Developing the sort of
oceangoing ships that could carry enough supplies, sail against
contrary winds, and endure storms, along with the navigational
instruments to steer an accurate course, was crucial.x Another is the superior quality of Spanish steel, both in armor for
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serious advantage, but there are many instances in history of groups
armed with less advanced weaponry being able to defeat high-tech
armies, even those that possessed gunpowder.x Attention also often focuses on the Spanish horses, which were
intimidating, and Spanish cavalry charges were initially devastating,
but the Inca quickly learned to dig pits and take measures that
helped limit the effectiveness of horsemen.x Like most complex historical questions, the answer is still being
debated, and the true explanation is probably some combination of
factors. Nevertheless, the astonishing conquests of the Americas
and collapse of the major indigenous empires constitute two
VLJQL¿FDQWPLOLWDU\WXUQLQJSRLQWVLQKLVWRU\D’Altroy, The Incas.
Hemming, The Conquest of the Incas.
McEwan, The Incas: New Perspectives.
Yupanqui, An Inca Account of the Conquest of Peru.Suggested Reading