The Decisive Battles of World History

subcontinent and established a dynasty that continued until the

arrival of the British several centuries later.

x Akbar was an energetic ruler who profoundly changed the culture

and institutions of India. He patronized the arts, established the

Mughal capital at Agra, regularized the currency, reformed the

nobility, reorganized the military, restructured taxation, and to

some degree, transitioned the Mongol steppe raiders into a more

sedentary lifestyle. Despite these accomplishments, however, it

should not be forgotten that the Mughals were, in essence, invaders,

and their conquests were accompanied by copious bloodshed.

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established—the true legacy of the battles of Panipat.

Babur, The Baburnama.

Sandhu, A Military History of Medieval India.

Singh, Harjett, Cannons versus Elephants.

Verma and Verma, Decisive Battles of India through the Ages.

Wink, Akbar.

1. How did Babur’s early experiences shape or affect his later successes?


2. In the long run, do you think the First or the Second Battle of Panipat
   was more important, and why?

Suggested Reading

Questions to Consider