xv
- 1 Pronunciation and spelling Part A Structures
- 1.1 The Spanish alphabet
- 1.2 Diphthongs
- 1.3 Syllabification
- 1.4Sinalefa
- 1.5 The written stress accent
- 1.6 Punctuation
- 1.7 Capital letters
- 2 Gender and gender agreements
- 2.1 Masculine and feminine
- 2.2 Plural
- 2.3 General rules for gender
- 2.4 Words which are both masculine and feminine
- 2.5 Nouns which vary in gender
- 2.6 Agreement classes of adjectives
- 2.7 The neuter
- 2.8Lo
- 3 Plurals and number agreement
- 3.1 Plural forms
- 3.2 Number agreement
- 4 The articles
- 4.1 Definite article
- in Spanish and English 4.2 Principal differences between the use of the definite article
- 4.3 Definite article +que and de
- 4.4 The indefinite article
- article in Spanish and English 4.5 Principal differences between the use of the indefinite
- 4.6 Use of the plural unos, unas
- 5 Adjectives
- 5.1 Shortening of adjectives
- 5.2 Adjective position
- 5.3 Adjectives used as nouns
- 5.4 Adjectives used as adverbs
- 6 Comparative forms of adjectives and adverbs
- 6.1 Lack of distinction between ‘more .’ and ‘most .’
- 6.2 Syntax of comparative constructions
- 7 Numbers
- 7.1 Cardinal numbers
- 7.2 Ordinal numbers
- 7.3 Expressions involving numbers
- 8 Personal pronouns
- 8.1 Subject pronouns
- 8.2 Object pronouns
- 8.3 Reduplicated pronoun structures
- 9 Demonstratives
- 9.1 Forms
- 9.2 Order
- 9.3 Usage
- 10 Possessives
- 10.1 Forms
- 10.2 Usage
- 11 Relative pronouns
- 11.1Que
- 11.2El que/el cual, etc.
- 11.3Quien(es)
- 11.4Cuyo (adj.)
- 12 Interrogative and exclamatory forms
- 12.1¿Cómo?/¡Cómo!
- 12.2¿Cuál? and ¿Qué?/¡Qué!
- 12.3¿Cuándo?
- 12.4¿Cuánto?/¡Cuánto!
- 12.5¿Dónde?/¿Adónde?
- 12.6¿Para qué?/¿Por qué?
- 12.7¿Qué tal?
- 12.8¿Quién(es)?
- 12.9¿Verdad?,¿no?
- 13 Indefinite and negative pronouns and adjectives
- 13.1Alguno and ninguno
- 13.2Alguien and nadie
- 13.3Uno
- 13.4Algo and nada
- 13.5Cualquiera
- 13.6Quienquiera
- 13.7Todo
- 14 Adverbs
- 14.1 Formation of adverbs in -mente
- 14.2 Other adverbs
- 15 Negation
- 15.1No
- 15.2 Negative element following the verb
- 15.3 Expressions requiring a negative
- 15.4No sino
- 15.5 Negation of adjectives
- 15.6 Negative questions
- 16 Verb forms
- 16.1 The overall pattern
- 17 Use of the verb forms
- 17.1 Present
- 17.2 Perfect
- 17.3 Imperfect
- 17.4 Preterite
- 17.5 Future
- 17.6 Future perfect
- 17.7 Conditional
- 17.8 Conditional perfect
- 17.9 Pluperfect
- 17.10 Past anterior
- 17.11 Infinitive
- 17.12 Gerund
- 17.13 Imperative
- 18 Use of the subjunctive
- verbal expressions 18.1 The subjunctive in complements of verbs and
- 18.2 The subjunctive after conjunctions
- 18.3 The subjunctive in main clauses
- 19 Sequence of tense
- 19.1 In reported (indirect) speech
- 19.2 Constructions involving the subjunctive
- 20 Other forms of the verb and their uses
- 20.1Estar+ gerund
- 20.2Ir a+ infinitive
- 20.3Llevar+ gerund
- 20.4Acabar de+ infinitive
- 20.5Ir+ gerund
- 20.6Venir+ gerund
- 20.7Tener+ past participle
- 21 Modal auxiliary verbs and expressions
- 21.1Poder
- 21.2Deber (de)
- 21.3Saber
- 21.4Querer
- 21.5Tener que
- 21.6Haber de
- 21.7Haber que
- 22 Ser and estar
- 22.1Ser
- 22.2Estar
- 23 The reflexive
- 23.1 Literal reflexive
- 23.2 Reflexives with a conventionalized meaning
- 23.3 Reciprocal reflexives
- 23.4 Inherently reflexive verbs
- 23.5 The reflexive corresponding to an English intransitive
- 23.6 Reflexive verbs with prepositional objects
- 23.7 The intensifying reflexive
- 23.8 The impersonal reflexive
- 23.9 The passive reflexive
- 24 The passive
- 24.1Ser+ past participle
- 24.2Estar+ past participle
- 24.3 The passive reflexive
- 24.4 Use of indefinite subjects
- 24.5 Bringing the object to the front of the sentence
- 25 Prepositions
- 25.1 Basic use of prepositions
- 25.2 Groups of prepositions
- 26 Complementation
- 26.1 Sentence complementation
- 26.2 Infinitive complementation
- 26.3 Gerund complementation
- 27 Conjunctions
- 27.1 Coordinating conjunctions
- 27.2 Subordinating conjunctions
- 28 Word order
- 28.1 Statements
- 28.2 Questions
- 29 Making social contacts I Social contacts and communication strategies
- 29.1 Greeting someone
- 29.2 Conveying greetings
- 29.3 Asking people how they are
- 29.4 Introducing yourself and others
- 29.5 Taking leave
- 29.6 Expressing wishes
- 29.7 Congratulating someone
- 29.8 Using the phone
- 29.9 Writing letters
- 30 Basic strategies for communication
- call for attention 30.1 Attracting someone’s attention and responding to a
- 30.2 Starting up a conversation
- 30.3 Requesting repetition and responding
- 30.4 Making sure you understand and are understood
- 30.5 Signalling that one understands the speaker
- 30.6 Asking how to pronounce or spell a word
- 30.7 Interrupting a speaker
- 30.8 Using fillers
- 30.9 Changing the subject
- 30.10 Formal development of a topic
- 31 Asking questions and responding II Giving and seeking factual information
- 31.1 Questions requiring a yes or no answer
- 31.2 Questions seeking partial information
- 31.3 Polite and indirect questions
- 31.4 Negative questions
- 31.5 Responding to a question with another question
- 31.6 Responding to a yes or no question
- 32 Negating
- 32.1No+ verb/auxiliary
- 32.2 Limiting the scope of negation
- 32.3 Negating adjectives and nouns
- 32.4 Other ways of expressing negation
- 33 Reporting
- 33.1 Direct and indirect speech
- 33.2 Indirect speech
- 33.3 Reporting statements
- 33.4 Reporting questions
- 33.5 Reporting yes and no answers
- 33.6 Reporting commands and requests
- 34 Asking and giving personal information
- 34.1 Name
- 34.2 Nationality and place of origin
- 34.3 Marital status
- 34.4 Age
- 34.5 Date and place of birth
- 34.6 Occupation, status or rank, religion and political affiliation
- 35 Identifying people, places and things
- 35.1 Identifying oneself and others
- 35.2 Identifying places
- 35.3 Identifying things
- 36 Describing
- 36.1 Referring to a subject’s nature or identity
- 36.2 Enquiring about a subject’s nature or identity
- 36.3 Describing a state or condition
- 36.4 Descriptions involving an unspoken comparison
- 36.5 Asking and saying what something is made of
- 36.6 Describing events
- 36.7 Describing facts or information
- 36.8 Describing social manners
- 36.9 Describing the weather
- 37 Making comparisons
- 37.1 Comparisons of inequality
- 37.2 Comparisons of equality
- 37.3 Comparing more than two objects
- 38 Expressing existence and availability
- 38.1 Asking and answering questions regarding existence
- 38.2 Describing facilities
- 38.3 Expressing availability
- 39 Expressing location and distance
- 39.1 Expressing location
- 39.2 Asking and saying where an event will take or took place
- 39.3 Indicating precise location
- 39.4 Indicating distance
- 40 Expressing possessive relations
- 40.1 Expressing ownership and possession
- 40.2 Emphasizing possessive relations
- body and personal effects 40.3 Expressing possessive relations involving parts of the
- 40.4 Asking whose something is
- 40.5 Other ways of expressing possession
- 41 Expressing changes
- 41.1 Talking about temporary changes
- 41.2 Talking about long-lasting changes
- 41.3 Talking about changes resulting from a natural process
- 41.4 Talking about the result of a process of change
- 41.5 Talking about changes caused by an action
- 41.6 Other ways of expressing change
- 42 Describing processes and results
- 42.1 Describing processes
- 42.2 Describing results
- 49 Expressing certainty and uncertainty
- 49.1 Saying how certain one is of something
- 49.2 Enquiring about certainty or uncertainty
- 50 Expressing supposition
- 50.1 Common expressions of supposition
- 51 Expressing conditions
- 51.1 Open conditions
- 51.2 Unfulfilled conditions
- 51.3 Other conditional expressions
- 52 Expressing contrast or opposition
- 52.1 Common expressions of contrast or opposition
- 53 Expressing capability and incapability
- incapability
- 53.2 Enquiring and making statements about learned abilities
- 54 Seeking and giving permission
- 54.1 Seeking permission
- 54.2 Giving permission
- 54.3 Stating that permission is withheld
- 55 Asking and giving opinions
- 55.1 Asking someone’s opinion
- 55.2 Expressing opinions
- 55.3 Enquiring about other people’s opinions
- 55.4 Reporting on other people’s opinions
- 56 Expressing agreement, disagreement and indifference
- 56.1 Expressing agreement
- 56.2 Expressing disagreement
- 56.3 Asking about agreement and disagreement
- 56.4 Expressing indifference
- 57 Expressing desires and preferences IV Expressing emotional attitudes
- 57.1 Expressing desires
- 57.2 Enquiring about desires
- 57.3 Expressing preferences and enquiring about preferences
- 57.4 Expressing desires and preferences involving others
- 58 Expressing likes and dislikes
- 58.1 How to say you like or dislike something or someone
- 58.2 Enquiring about likes and dislikes
- 58.3 Other ways of expressing likes and dislikes
- 59 Expressing surprise
- 59.1 Set expressions
- 59.2 Expressing surprise with regard to someone or something
- 60 Expressing satisfaction and dissatisfaction
- 60.1 Expressing satisfaction
- 60.2 Expressing dissatisfaction
- 60.3 Enquiring about satisfaction and dissatisfaction
- 61 Expressing approval and disapproval
- 61.1 Expressing approval
- 61.2 Expressing disapproval
- 61.3 Enquiring about approval and disapproval
- 62 Expressing hope
- 62.1 Saying what one hopes or others hope to do
- 62.2 Expressing hope with regard to others
- 62.3 Expressing hope in reply to a question or as a statement
- 63 Expressing sympathy
- 63.1 Saying one is sorry about something
- 63.2 Saying one is glad about something
- 64 Apologizing and expressing forgiveness
- 64.1 Apologizing
- 64.2 Expressing forgiveness
- 65 Expressing fear or worry
- 65.1 Common expressions of fear
- 65.2 Other ways of expressing fear
- 66 Expressing gratitude
- 66.1 Expressing gratitude
- 66.2 Responding to an expression of gratitude
- 67 Giving advice and making suggestions V The language of persuasion
- the speaker 67.1 Giving advice and making suggestions not involving
- 67.2 Suggesting a course of action involving the speaker
- 67.3 Asking for advice and suggestions
- 68 Making requests
- 68.1 Common expressions of request
- 69 Giving directions, instructions and orders
- 69.1 Giving directions
- 69.2 Giving instructions
- 69.3 Giving orders
- 70 Making an offer or invitation and accepting or declining
- 70.1 Making an offer or invitation
- 70.2 Accepting or declining an offer or invitation
- 70.3 Enquiring whether an invitation is accepted or declined
- 71 Talking about the present VI Expressing temporal relations
- 71.1 Describing present states or conditions
- or true in the present 71.2 Giving information about facts which are generally true
- in progress 71.3 Referring to events which are in the present but not
- 71.4 Expressing timeless ideas or emotions
- 71.5 Referring to events taking place in the present
- 71.6 Talking about permanent and habitual actions
- 71.7 Saying how long one has been doing something
- regard to something in the present 71.8 Expressing possibility, probability or uncertainty with
- 72 Talking about the future
- 72.1 Expressing plans and intentions
- 72.2 Referring to the immediate future
- 72.3 Referring to future events
- 72.4 Expressing promises
- regard to something in the future 72.5 Expressing possibility, probability or uncertainty with
- 73 Talking about the past
- recent past 73.1 Referring to past events related to the present or the
- past and is still in progress 73.2 Referring to a prolonged action which began in the
- 73.3 Referring to the immediate past