18 The Economist October 9th 2021
Letters
Angela Merkel’s legacy
I found myself nodding along
to your assessment of the
many problems facing Angela
Merkel’s successor as chancel
lor of Germany (“The mess
Merkel leaves behind”, Sept
ember 25th). That said, I am
rather bemused by the fact that
it took you four legislative
periods to acknowledge that
many, if not most, of these
problems were created by Mrs
Merkel. The undoubted
achievement of clinging to
power for 16 years cannot mask
the fact that successive gov
ernments under her leadership
have failed to deal with every
major challenge facing Ger
many in the coming decades.
Mrs Merkel rode on the
success of unpopular econom
ic reforms implemented by her
predecessor, but Germany’s
economic competitiveness has
seen a steady decline. Com
panies and individuals pay
some of the highest tax rates in
the oecd. Investment is sorely
lacking in technology and the
green economy and stifled by
red tape. The ideologically
driven implementation of a
ruinous centrally planned
energy policy has pushed up
electricity prices to the highest
levels in the European Union,
yet Germany’s carbondioxide
emissions per person remain
high. The sustainability of the
welfare state has become ever
more doubtful as the reality of
demographic change has been
wilfully ignored.
Furthermore, her stifling of
traditional conservative voices
in a nominally stillconserva
tive party has allowed the afd,
an antidemocratic and popu
listright party, to emerge to
the right of the Christian
Democrats, threatening the
stability of German society.
Although Mrs Merkel de
serves credit for her ability to
manage the many crises that
have emerged during her
tenure, I must say that I, and
many other Germans, would
have rather preferred a succes
sion of shorterlived, yet more
forwardlooking heads of
government.
mark bauer
Adelschlag, Germany
What is Arabic?
I was surprised to read that the
closest dialect to Modern
Standard Arabic “is spoken by
Palestinians” (“No book at
bedtime”, September 18th). It is
something of a trope in Arabic
linguistics that every Arab
thinks their dialect is the
closest to msa. And, in a way,
they are all right. Tunisians
can point to the fact that they
preserve almost all the stan
dard Arabic consonants,
though their love of consonant
clusters makes their speech
sound very different. Some
desert Bedouins can boast that
they maintain grammatical
distinctions that disappeared
from other spoken varieties
long ago. Egyptians note that
the nonstandard gfor jin
their dialect is actually the
most ancient form. From a
linguistic perspective, there is
no established method for
determining the “closeness” of
language varieties. People do
try, but the answer you get
depends very much on which
features you compare, and
how you weigh them.
You were right on another
matter, though: even the “clos
est” dialect is still quite far
from standard Arabic. msais
based on classical Arabic,
which ceased to be a spoken
language at least 1,000 years
ago, and all the vernaculars are
closer to each other by any
measure than they are to msa.
As you observe, this may play a
role in the fact that Arabs do
not read much for fun. You
might also consider that some
of the bestselling novels in the
Arab world in recent years have
been heretical ones that were
written in the vernacular.
karen mcneil
Washington, dc
Your critique of the teaching of
the Arabic language in Arab
countries noted that “regimes
are nervous of the free expres
sion a more liberal approach
may inspire” and that their
censors “are banning books as
keenly as ever”. The fate of our
recently published “The Politi
cal Economy of Education in
the Arab World” reaffirms your
point. This edited collection
identifiesgovernmentalre
pressionastheprimaryobsta
cletoimprovingeducationin
Arabcountriesandsuggests
variousliberalisingreforms.
Wehadit translatedintoAra
bicinthehopesofreachinga
widerArabaudience.Alas,
fearfulofretributionbyArab
regimes,potentialpublishers
demandedwetonedownthe
criticism.Werefusedandthey
declinedtopublishit,thereby
inadvertentlymakingourcase.
hichamalaoui
Rabat
robertspringborg
Vancouver
Defy DeFi
I read your briefing on decent
ralised finance, so please let
me know if I got it straight
(“Adventures in DeFiland”,
September 18th). It seems that
punters are supposed to buy
tokens (streams of digits) of no
inherent worth and which may
change in value by a factor of
ten or more in either direction
for no obvious reason. Some
tokens take vast amounts of
energy to generate, and tokens
are stored in ethereal “wallets”
which live on Cloud Nine,
from where they can be (and
have been) stolen at the click
of a hacker’s mouse.
The market in tokens is not
regulated and no substantial
organisation stands behind
them. However, cryptocur
rency tokens are greatly valued
by gamblers and by criminals
as they enable the anonymous
transfer of ransom money
from schools, hospitals and
businesses after their data
have been encrypted or stolen.
You also mentioned possibly
cheaper payment mecha
nisms, but I prefer to stick with
my expensive Swiss bank.
david myers
Commugny, Switzerland
Cracking properly encrypted
data with today’s supercompu
ters that would now take mil
lions of years could well be
possible in next to no time
with a quantum computer. I
am greatly attracted by the
efficiencies promised by DeFi,
but am fearful that the whole
edifice could be dreadfully
exposed as and when quantum
computing becomes a reality.
Is anyone addressing this
threat before it’s too late?
bruce manford
London
Political satire
Canada has just had “A point
less election” (September
25th), which makes me pine
for the old Rhinoceros Party. It
consistently offered tantalis
ing election promises that
spiced up the discourse. These
included: providing higher
education by building taller
schools; instituting English,
French and illiteracy as Cana
da’s three official languages;
ending crime by abolishing all
laws; and adopting the British
system of driving on the left,
but phasing it in gradually
with only buses driving on the
left to begin with. In the 1970s
the Rhinos offered a package of
corruption and incompetence,
and claimed that the then
ruling Liberal Party stole their
party platform. Plus ça change,
plus c’est la même chose.
paul greenberg
Brookline, Massachusetts
The voice of reason
Religious opposition to vac
cinations (“Bodies and tem
ples”, September 18th) reminds
me of a joke our minister told
as part of a sermon. There was
extreme flooding and the
authorities decided to evacu
ate the area. Despite numerous
measures, including finally a
helicopter, one man refused all
offers of help, saying God
would rescue him. Finally he
died and at the pearly gates
said he was sure that God
would have helped him. A
voice said, “I sent you some
one to tell you to evacuate, a
boat and a helicopter. What
more did you want?”
morris shapiro
East Kilbride, South Lanarkshire
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