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Dale Doré and Ivan Bond 327

Figure 3. Sport hunting revenue (1984-1998)

community. These benefits come either in cash or in the form of development

projects, such as a clinic or school, as a reward for managing their wildlife

resource and an incentive to continue doing so. They also represent

compensation for the opportunity that households forego by not using the

wildlife areas for agricultural purposes (mainly cropping and grazing), and as

compensation to the ‘producer community’ for the costs they must bear for

losses they suffer to their crops and property as a result of damage by wildlife.

THE MARKET

Sport hunting in Zimbabwe

Zimbabwe has been active in the international market for sport hunting since

its independence in 1980, and has seen this market expand considerably over

the last 10 years. The total annual revenue earned from sport hunting rose

from approximately US$2.4 million in 1986 to over US$20 million in 1998 (Figure

3). During the same period, the annual average trophy fee paid for elephant

increased from US$2,600 to US$9,600 (Figure 4). Zimbabwe has garnered 48%

of the world market in sport hunting of elephant. Its closest competitors,

Botswana and Cameroon, hold 21% and 10%, respectively. By using the

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species and Wild Fauna and

Using CITES quotas for ivory as a proxy, and given the gross estimated

value of an elephant of US$16,229, the total value of the CITES quota is

estimated at US$13.6 million. (See Appendix 1 for tables of estimations of

these values.) However, CITES quotas are seldom fulfilled. In Zimbabwe,

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