7 The 100 Most Influential World Leaders of All Time 7

Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron cur-
tain has descended over the Continent.” “Iron curtain”
soon became the term for the barrier between the West
and areas under Soviet control.
In 1951 Churchill was again chosen as prime minister,
and he resigned in 1955. In 1953 he was knighted by Queen
Elizabeth II and received the Nobel Prize for Literature.
By an act of Congress, Churchill was made an honourary
citizen of the United States in 1963.

Mohammed Ali Jinnah

(b. Dec. 25, 1876, Karachi, India [now in Pakistan]—d. Sept. 11,
1948, Karachi)

M

ohammed Ali Jinnah was the founder and first
governor-general of Pakistan from 1947 to 1948, and
is known in Pakistan as Qaid-i-Azam, or Great Leader.

Early Years

Born in 1876, Jinnah was the first of seven children of
Jinnahbhai, a prosperous merchant. After being taught at
home, Jinnah was sent to the Sind Madrasat al-Islam in

1887. Later he attended the Christian Missionary Society
      High School in Karachi, where at the age of 16 he passed
      the matriculation examination of the University of
      Bombay (now University of Mumbai). He studied law in
      London, England, from 1892 to 1896. He practiced law for
      10 years before entering politics.

Entry Into Politics

Jinnah was elected to India’s Imperial Legislative Council
in 1910. Committed to home rule for India and to main-
taining Hindu-Muslim unity, he held off on joining the