7 The 100 Most Influential World Leaders of All Time 7Alexander’s domain since the Battle of Issus) and cede all
his lands west of the Euphrates. Alexander declined. After
Tyre, Alexander advanced south, reaching Egypt in
November of 332, where the people welcomed him, and
the Persian satrap Mazaces wisely surrendered. While in
Egypt, Alexander visited the oracle of the god Amon, the
basis of his later claim to divinity; he also founded the city
of Alexandria, near the western arm of the Nile.
Alexander’s conquest of Egypt had completed his con-
trol of the whole eastern Mediterranean coast, and in the
spring of 331, he returned to Tyre and prepared to advance
into Mesopotamia. During his advance, he won a decisive
battle, on the plain of Gaugamela, with Darius on October
- Alexander pursued the defeated Persian forces for 35
miles (56 kilometres), but Darius escaped. Alexander took
Babylon, then pressed on over the Zagros range into Persia
proper and entered Persepolis and Pasargadae. In the
spring of 330 Alexander marched north into Media and
occupied its capital Ecbatana. By this time, Alexander’s
views on the empire were changing, and he had come to
envisage a joint ruling people consisting of Macedonians
and Persians.
In midsummer of 330, Alexander headed east via
Rhagae (modern Rayy, near Tehrān) and the Caspian
Gates, where he learned that Bessus, the satrap (governor)
of Bactria, had deposed Darius, had him stabbed, and left
him to die. Alexander sent Darius’s body for burial with
due honours in the royal tombs at Persepolis. Bessus was
later captured and killed for the murder of Darius.
Campaign Eastward, to Central Asia
Darius’s death left no obstacle to Alexander’s claim to be
Great King. Crossing the Elburz Mountains to the
Caspian Sea, Alexander seized Zadracarta in Hyrcania
and received the submission of a group of satraps and