7 S·adda ̄ m H·ussein 7their uprisings, causing thousands to fl ee to refugee camps
along the country’s northern border. Untold thousands
more were murdered, many simply disappearing into the
regime’s prisons.
As part of the cease-fi re agreement with the UN, Iraq
was prohibited from producing or possessing chemical,
biological, and nuclear weapons. Numerous sanctions
were leveled on the country pending compliance, and
these caused severe disruption of the economy. S·addām’s
continued refusal to cooperate with UN arms inspectors
led to a four-day air strike by the United States and Great
Britain in late 1998 (Operation Desert Fox).
Thirty-foot-tall bronze sculptures of former Iraqi dictator S·addām H·ussein,
on the grounds of the Republican Palace, Baghdad, 2005. Jim Gordon, CIV/
U.S. Department of Defense