Abbas, Shah (king of Persia) 191, 201
Abdul Ghaffur (trader) 207
Abdullah (ruler of Uzbeks) 187, 188
Abhinavagupta (religious leader) 141
Abhiras (people) 83
Abu, Mount: temples 110
Acchutavikkanta (king of Kalabhras) 99
Achaemenids (dynasty) 53, 54
Acheson, Dean 320
Achyutadeva Raya (king of Vijayanagar)
179, 181
Achyutarayabhyudaya (text) 181
Acts 282–3, 298; under British 225–7, 239–
41, 249, 255–6, 260, 264, 266, 275–6,
278, 283, 292, 295–6
Aditya (king of Cholas) 115
administration, state
in ancient empires 53, 55, 57, 59–61,
64–5, 67, 83, 89, 94, 96
in early middle ages 121–6, 145
in late middle ages: Alauddin 160–3;
Gajapatis 175–6; Muhammad Tughluq
166–8; Vijayanagar 182
under British 214, 216–18, 231, 241–2,
245–9
under Mughals 187–92, 207, 214
Advaita philosophy 139
Advani, Lal 305, 312, 314
Afghan war (1878–80) 239, 250
Afghanistan
in ancient empires 53, 57–8, 63, 70, 72,
79
during early civilisations 18, 20, 35
in late middle ages 154–6
Mughal empire and 184, 186–8, 215
Soviet Union invades 330
‘agency houses’ 232–3
Agni (firegod) 4, 35, 38, 48–9
Agnikula 110
Agnimitra (son of Pushyamitra) 68
Agra 9, 11, 167, 191; and Oudh, United
Provinces under British 243–5
agriculture 2–3
in ancient empires 61, 88, 92–4
in early civilisations 19, 25, 29, 37–8, 41
in early middle ages 110, 123, 145
in late middle ages 161
in republic 299, 303, 306
under British 249; trade in products
232–3, 243
under Mughals 187
see also land revenue
Ahicchatra 50
Ahmad Shah Durrani (Afghan raider) 210,
215
Ahmadabad 265
Ahmadnagar 171, 191, 193
AIADMK see All-India Anna Dravida
Munnetra Kazhagam
Aid to India Consortium 320
aid, foreign 298, 320, 328; to Pakistan 325;
see also investment
Aihole 104, 125
Aitareya Brahmana (text) 96
Ajanta, caves at 149
Ajatashatru (king of Magadha) 54–5
Ajivikas (sect) 67
Ajmer 111, 157
Akali Dal Party 308, 310
Akbar (Mughal emperor) 169, 174, 186–92
Aksai Chin territory 321–2
Alam see Shah Alam
Alamgirpur (prehistoric site) 18
Alans (people) 90
Alberuni (writer) 154–5
Albuquerque (Portuguese) 151
alcohol prohibited 162, 164
Alexander of Epirus 64
Alexander the Great 56–8, 70, 159
Alexander, Lord 288
Ali brothers (journalists) 267
Ali, Rahmat (and Pakistan National
Movement) 283–5, 290
Aligarh, College at 245