8 Prepositions, adverb particles and
phrasal verbs
8.1 Prepositions, adverb particles and conjunctions
8.1 A Words we can use either as prepositions or as adverbs [> LEG 8.4,7.3.4]
Study: 1 There are many 'small words' in English such as up, down, and by which we call prepositions.
Й In fact, we use these as prepositions or adverb particles. Understanding the difference
between the two will help us to understand 'phrasal verbs' [> 8.6-8].
2 A preposition must have an object (a noun or a pronoun), so it is always related to a noun:
across the road, over the wall, up the hill, down the mountain.3 An adverb particle does not need an object, so it is more closely related to a verb:
walk across, drive over, come up, climb down.4 We can use the following words either as prepositions or adverb particles:
about, above, across, after, along, before, behind, below, beneath, between, beyond, by, down,
in, inside, near, off, on, opposite, outside, over, past, round, through, under, underneath, up,
without. This means we can say:
We drove round the city, (round has a noun object, so it's a preposition)
We drove round, (round has no object, so it's an adverb particle).Write: You are giving instructions to a young child. Give each instruction twice.1 (run across the road)
2 (climb over the wall)
3 (come inside the house)
4 (go down the hill)
5 (go up the ladder)
6 (run past the window)8.1 В Words we can use only as prepositions or only as adverbs [> LEG 8.4.2-3]
Write:Study:
i**i
1 We use some 'small words' only as prepositions, so they always have a noun or pronoun
object: against, among, at, beside, during, except, for, from, into, of, onto, on top of, out of,
since, till/until, to, toward(s), upon, with. This means we have to say: e.g.
Sit beside me. We can't say 'Sit beside. *2 We use other 'small words' only as adverb particles, so they do not have an object: away,
back, backward(s), downward(s), forward(s), on top, out, upward(s). This means we have
to say: e.g. Don't go near the fire. Stay away! (Not *Stay away the fire!*)You are answering the question What did you do? Supply suitable noun objects where possible.1 We waited at Mfo.A&tfMftu 5 We drove away
2 We went to 6 We ran into
3 We jumped back 7 We ran out of
4 We climbed out 8 We went upwards