11 Modal auxiliarles and related verbs11.10
11.1 OA
Study:
[**]'It isn't advisable ...'/'It isn't necessary ...'/'It's forbidden ...'
'It isn't advisable' 'It's forbidden': 'a scale of choice' [> LEG 11.54]
We can say what, in our opinion, is not advisable, or what is forbidden on a scale which shows
how much choice there is. We use the following words [compare > 11.9A]:1 Shouldn't and oughtn't to (= in my opinion it isn't advisable, but there is some choice):
You shouldn't drive too fast. You oughtn't to drive too fast.
(= That's my advice, but ignore it if you want to.)2 Had better not is stronger, even a warning: You'd better not lose your passport.
(= That's my urgent advice. There may be consequences if you ignore it.)3 Can't and mustn't (= you have no choice: it's forbidden [> 11.3B]):
You can't stop on a motorway. You mustn't stop on a motorway. (= it's against the law)Write:11.10B
Study:Write:Match A and В to show the effect of the verbs.1 You mustn't park near a zebra crossing. _b_
2 You shouldn't eat so much chocolate cake..
3 You can't use that footpath. It's closed.
4 You had better not be late for the lecture.В
a) 'not advisable' - warning
b) 'forbidden' - law
c) 'not advisable' - personal
d) 'not possible''Mustn't', 'needn't', 'don't have to', 'haven't got to' [> LEG I 1 55]
1 Must, have to, have got to generally mean the same in the affirmative [> 11.9В].
But mustn't never means the same as don't have to/haven't got to.2 Mustn't means 'it's forbidden' [> 11,3B, 11,5B]: Life belts must not be removed, (no choice)3 We can use needn't, don't have to and haven't got to in place of each other to mean 'it isn't
necessary': I needn't/don't have to/haven't got to go to the office tomorrow, (choice)Supply mustn't or needn't/don't have to/haven't got to.1 You cUmJb.hAUtÜQ. work such long hours. You won't earn any more.
2 They wear a uniform. It's not obligatory.
3 She leave the office last. She can go when she's ready.
4 You really waste money like that. It worries your parents.
5 Visitors enter the laboratories without permission.
6 We always wear protective clothing in the factory.
7 You go to the party if you don't want to. Nobody's forcing you.
8 He do the job today, as long as it gets done some time this week.
9 Surely we leave home yet. It's far too early to go to the station.
10 Passengers smoke in the toilets.
11 'Are you going to read the report?' - 'No, I It's confidential.'
12 'Are you going to read the report?' - 'No, I I already know what it says.'
13 You attend the meeting tomorrow. It's for union officials only.
14 You attend the meeting tomorrow. It's not important.
15 You forget to pay the electricity bill, or we'll be cut off.
16 We worry about Tom. He's just phoned to say he's all right.