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Section IBasic principlesCholine:CH 3 N(CH 3 ) 3 ,aprecursor in acetylcholine synthesis.
Cyclohexanol:Acyclic alkanol with formula C 6 H 11 OH. It has very different
properties from phenol the cyclic alcohol with a benzene ring structure.
Tramadol is based on cyclohexanol.
Enol:The enol form in organic cyclic molecules is an−OH (hydroxyl) group
adjacent to a C-C double bond, so allowing for tautomeric interconversion to the
keto form=Owith a single C-C bond. Seen in barbiturates.
Ester:Alink formed by the interaction of a carboxylic acid with an alcohol,
resulting in an ester and water, R–O–CO–R′.Itissusceptible to hydrolysis, either
byplasma or hepatic esterases. Many examples: aspirin, remifentanil, esmolol,
mivacurium.
Ether:Alink between two carbon-containing groups, R-O-R′.Important in
structure of currently available volatile agents, all but halothane are ethers.
Halothane is a halogen-substituted ethane (seeAlkane). Not water-soluble, but
lipid-soluble.
Glucuronide:Apolar glucose group added during phase II hepatic metabolism,
often through a hydroxy group (–OH). For example, benzodiazepines are
glucuronidated after phase I metabolism, morphine is glucuronidated to an
active (−6) and inactive (−3) glucuronide, propofol and its quinol derivative are
also glucuronidated.Halogen:Amember of group VII of the periodic table. Includes fluorine, chlorine
and bromine. Halogens are important substitutions on lead compounds in
development of volatile anaesthetics. Fluorine is the most electronegative
element and stabilizes the ethers, reducing the likelihood of metabolism.
Heterocyclic:Aring structure with at least one member of the ringnotcarbon.
Imidazole:Heterocyclic ring containing two N atoms and three C atoms. Part of
the structures of etomidate, enoximone and phentolamine. These are weak
bases, proton acceptors, so that pH will determine degree of ionization and
hence water-solubility.