Pediatric Nutrition in Practice

Reference Nutrient Intakes of Infants, Children and Adolescents 315

4

Table 10. Trace elements and vitamins (male/female)

Age Iron, mg/day Iodine,

μg/day

Zinc, mg/day, depends on: Vitamin A,

μg retinol

equivalent/

day

Vitamin

D,

μg/day

Vitamin

K,

15%bioavail- μg/day

ability

12%

bioavail-

ability

10%

bioavail-

ability

5%

bioavail-

ability

high

avail-

ability

m oderate

avail-

ability

low

avail-

ability

0 – 6 months – – – – 90 1.1 2.8 6.6 375 5 5

7 – 12 months 6.2 7.7 9.3 18.6 90 0.8a

2.25b

4.1 8.4 400 5 10
1 – 3 years 3.9 4.8 5.8 11.6 90 2.4 4.1 8.3 400 5 15
4 – 6 years 4.2 5.3 6.3 12.6 90 2.9 4.8 9.6 450 5 20
7 – 9 years 5.9 7.4 8.9 17.8 120 c 3.3 5.6 11.2 500 5 25
10 – 18 years 9.7/9.3d
21.8f
12.5/20.7g

12.2/11.7d

27.7f

15.7/25.8g

14.6/14.0d

32.7f

18.8/31.0g

29.2/28.0d

65.4f

37.6/62.0g

150 e 5.1/4.3 8.6/7.2 17.1/14.4 600 5 35 – 55

Age Thiamine,

mg/day

Riboflavin,

mg/day

Niacin, mg niacin

equivalent/day

Vitamin B 6 ,

mg/day

Folate, μg folate

equivalent/day

Vitamin B 12 ,

μg/day

Vitamin C,
mg/day
0 – 6 months 0.2 0.3 2 0.1 80 0.4 25
7 – 12 months 0.3 0.4 4 0.3 80 0.7 30
1 – 3 years 0.5 0.5 6 0.5 150 0.9 30
4 – 6 years 0.6 0.6 8 0.6 200 1.2 30
7 – 9 years 0.9 0.9 12 1.0 300 1.8 35
10 – 18 years 1.1 1.3/1.0 16 1.3/1.2 330 2.4 40

a Human milk-fed. b Formula-fed. c 6 – 12 years. d 11 – 14 years. e 13 – 18 years. f Premenarche. g 15 – 17 years.

German Nutrition Society (DGE), Austrian

Nutrition Society (OGE), Swiss Society

for Nutrition Research (SGE), Swiss Nu-

trition Association (SVE): Referenz-

werte für die Nährstoffzufuhr (Refer-

ence Values for Nutrient Intake), ed 1.

Frankfurt/Main, 2000.

Nordic Council of Ministers: Nordic Nutri-

tion Recommendations 2012: Integrat-

ing Nutrition and Physical Activity, ed

5. Nordic Council of Ministers, 2012.
   WHO: Energy and Protein Requirements.
   Geneva, WHO, 1985.
   WHO: Fat and Oils in Human Nutrition.
   Geneva, WHO, 1994.
   WHO: Report on Diet, Nutrition, and the
   Prevention of Chronic Diseases. Geneva,
   WHO, 2003.
   WHO: Vitamin and Mineral Requirements
   in Human Nutrition, ed 2. Geneva,
   WHO, 2004.

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Koletzko B, et al. (eds): Pediatric Nutrition in Practice. World Rev Nutr Diet. Basel, Karger, 2015, vol 113, pp 308–315
DOI: 10.1159/000375274