332 Subject Indexcomputed tomography 22
dual-energy X-ray
absorptiometry 20–22
overview 19, 20
resting energy expenditure
prediction 19–21
Obesity
chronic kidney disease 257
clinical assessment 163–165
health service delivery issues 167
metabolic programming 74–76
treatment
behavior modification 165,
166
dietary change and eating
behaviors 166
family focus 165
long-term maintenance 166
nonconventional therapies
166, 167
physical activity 166
principles 164, 165
PA, see Physical activity; Propionic
aciduria
Pancreatic insufficiency (PI)
cystic fibrosis 244, 245
testing 28
Parenteral nutrition (PN)
amino acids 159, 160
cancer patients 268, 269
dosages by age 159
energy 159
fluids 159
glucose 160
lipids 160, 161
overview 158
pediatric intensive care unit 274
preterm infants 215
vitamins 161
PDI, see Protracted diarrhea of
infancy
Pediatric intensive care unit (PICU)
malnutrition 271
nutritional requirements
burn patients 274
carbohydrates 273
energy 272
fat 273, 274
protein 272, 273
nutritional support
compliance 274, 275
enteral nutrition 274
follow-up 276
formulas 274
goals 274
parenteral nutrition 274
timing 274
Phenylketonuria (PKU) 226–228
Phosphate, chronic kidney disease
requirements 257
Physical activity (PA)
fluids and electrolytes 58, 59
health and fitness benefit studies
68–71
obesity management 166
prescription studies 69–71
recommendations for children
and adolescents 39, 40
PI, see Pancreatic insufficiency
PICU, see Pediatric intensive care
unit
PKU, see Phenylketonuria
PN, see Parenteral nutrition
Potassium, chronic kidney disease
requirements 257
Prebiotics 49, 116
Pregnancy
alcohol precautions 132
caffeine precautions 132
fish mercury concerns 132
gestational weight gain 127, 128
herbal preparation precautions
132
listeriosis 132
multiple micronutrient
deficiency and fetal outcome 150
nutritional requirements
calcium 131
folic acid 128
food sources 130
iodine 128, 130
iron 130, 131
overview 129
twins 131
vitamin D 131
vegetarian diets 131, 132
Preterm infant, see Low-birth-
weight infant
Probiotics, allergy prevention 116
Propionic aciduria (PA) 227, 229, 230
Protein
amino acid requirement 42–44
children 42, 43
chronic kidney disease
requirements 256, 257
components 41
definition 42expression 42
infant formula
protein hydrolysates 98, 100
soy protein isolate 98
infant requirements 42
malabsorptive disorder enteral
feeding 185, 186
parenteral nutrition amino acids
159, 160
pediatric intensive care unit 272,
273
protein quality 43, 45
sources 45
Protracted diarrhea of infancy (PDI)
enteral feeding
advancement 188
diet 183–188
rationale 183
routes 186
feeding algorithm 188
intestinal failure 182REE, see Resting energy expenditure
Reference nutrient intake
Australia/New Zealand 308, 309
Germany, Austria, and
Switzerland 310
Norway, Sweden, Finland,
Denmark, and Iceland 311
United Kingdom 312
United States and Canada 313
WHO/FAO/UNU expert groups
314, 315
Regurgitation, see Gastroesophageal
reflux
Resting energy expenditure (REE),
prediction 19–21, 272SBS, see Short bowel syndrome
Secondary malnutrition, see
Malnutrition
Severe acute malnutrition, see
Malnutrition
Short bowel syndrome (SBS)
enteral feeding
advancement 188
diet 183–188
rationale 183
routes 186
feeding algorithm 188
intestinal failure 182
management and outcome in
neonates by anatomical
characteristics 184