Ibarra (1992) and Reskin and McBrier (2000). For an analysis of claims based
on arguments about cultural descent—particularly sacred properties of tradi-
tion—see Mukerji (2007). For a measure of homophily in the panels dis-
cussed in this book, see Guetzkow et al. (2003).
- On the conservative bias, see Eisenhart (2002).
- In proposing this concept, Merton drew on the Gospel according to
Matthew: “For unto everyone that hath shall be given and he shall have abun-
dance: but from him that hath not shall be taken away even that which he
hath”; see Merton (1968). - While Bourdieu (1988) suggests that thehabitusof academics promote
criteria of evaluation that favor their own work due to the competitive logic
of fields, I suggest that this tendency results from their necessary cultural and
institutional embeddedness. Because he leaves very little room for identity,
Bourdieu ignores the types of pushes and pulls that I discuss here. - See for example Ben-David (1991); Fuchs and Turner (1986); Collins
(1994); Braxton and Hargens (1996); and Hargens (1988). - Galison and Stump (1996); Knorr-Cetina (1999).
- On this topic, see Guetzkow, Lamont, and Mallard (2004) and Chap-
ter 5. - Many authors have noted this. See, for instance, Brint (2002); Slaughter
and Rhoades (2004); Kirp (2003). For a theoretically sophisticated account of
the relationship between science and society, see also Jasanoff (2004). - Hall and Lamont (2009) is an attempt to intervene in this tug-of-war
around the question of what may define “successful societies.” - Hargens (1988).
- Hayagreeva, Monin, and Durand (2005).
- Some advocate the use of citation counts as a means for measuring
quality while avoiding biases. A large literature criticizes bibliometric tech-
niques. For a discussion, see Feller et al. (2007). - Lustick (1997).
- Feagin (1999).
- On conditions that sustain coproduction, see Jasanoff (2004), particu-
larly pp. 1–12. - McCartney (1970).
- Shenhav (1986).
- Cole and Cole (1973).
- In this, I add to the work of Daryl Chubin, Edward Hackett, and many
others. See in particular Chubin and Hackett (2003).
262 / Notes to Pages 8–12