http://www.supremecourtus.gov/opinions. This argument has been made repeat-
edly, including by former Harvard President Neil Rudenstine; see Rudenstine
(2001).
- In research for their 2001 paper “Diversity Rhetoric and Mana-
gerialization of Law,” Lauren B. Edelman, Sally Riggs Fuller, and Iona Mara-
Drita used a content analysis of nineteen professional managerial journals to
study the meanings of diversity in the managerial models adopted by a wide
range of organizations. They show that the meaning of diversity has expanded
to embrace categories beyond those which are protected legally. Corporate di-
versity rhetoric has shifted away from the notion of righting historical wrongs
(a conception embedded in such legislation as the Civil Rights Act) to a new
emphasis on efficiency and productivity. Regarding the timing of this change
and the consequences of Reagan’s cutbacks, see Kelly and Dobbin (1998;
2001). - Guinier and Sturm (2001).
- Glazer (1976). For a critique of the argument that affirmation action is
discrimination, see Dobbin (2009). Glazer’s argument posits that the hiring
and promotion system in corporations is based on proven excellence, ability,
and school performance. In fact, hiring and promotion was completely infor-
mal prior to the 1970s for most managerial positions, and almost all firms rel-
egated women and minorities to the worst jobs. - On the generally progressive outlook of academics in the social sci-
ences and humanities, see Gross and Simmons (2006). - See, for instance, Castilla (2006).
- Wenneras and Wold (1997).
- Ridgeway (1997).
- Perna (2001); Joan Williams (2004).
- Lamont (2004a; 2000, 321).
- Reskin (2000, 321); Fiske (1998, 364).
- Bourdieu and Passeron (1990).
- Fels (2004).
- Joan Williams (2004).
- Clemens et al. (1995).
- Mallard, Lamont, and Guetzkow (2009).
- Sonnert (1995; 2002). This type of indirect bias would apply to the
pure sciences at large, given that definitions of what constitutes “good sci-
ence” seem to vary significantly between male and female scientists.
Notes to Pages 214–224 / 285