The Economist October 30th 2021 81
Finance & economics
Non-fungibletokens
Through the looking glass
J
ournalism is about telling a story,
rather than living it. Yet sometimes these
two realities collide. When a new technol
ogy shows promise, trying it out can help
tell the story. In September we wrote that
nonfungible tokens (nfts) and the crypto
infrastructure they sit on could in time
transform finance and the digital econ
omy. Our cover image that accompanied
the article, inspired by “Alice in Wonder
land”, shows Alice tentatively peering over
the edge of the rabbit hole, into this weird
new world.
Now she is part of it. On October 25th
The Economist auctioned an nft of that
cover image, raising 99.9 ether (around
$420,000) for charity (see box on next
page). In addition to raising money for a
good cause, the sale allowed us to grasp
more fully the potential of the technology.
An nftis a record, typically on the Eth
ereum blockchain, that represents a piece
of digital media: an image, say, or some
text, or a video. Invented in 2014, nfts en
joyed a miniboom in 2017 as “crypto
kitties”, collectable images of digital cats,
began selling for thousands of dollars. But
the tokens grabbed the headlines in March
this year when Christie’s, an auction
house, sold an nftof a work by Beeple, a
digital artist, for $69.3m.
Today the total value of nfts issued on
the Ethereum blockchain is $14.3bn, ac
cording to DappRadar, a research compa
ny, up from around $340m last year. Ac
cording to a poll conducted in March by
Harris, a marketresearch firm, 11% of
American adults say they have purchased
an nft(only a percentage point less than
those investing in commodities). Analysts
at Jefferies, an investment bank, expect the
value of nfts to double next year, and to
approach $80bn by 2025. Furthermore, the
tokens’ use is expanding beyond cats and
collectables. In time, they could prove use
ful for all sorts of activities in both the digi
tal and the real worlds.
nfts are cryptotokens, like bitcoin or
other cryptocurrencies. Bitcoin, however,
is fungible: one unit is worth the same as
any other, much like a dollar bill or a print
copy of the latest issue of The Economist.
nfts, like plane tickets and baseball cards,
are not. The tokens store some data, often
including the name of the nftand a link to
a digital image. Each token is unique and
can be held only in a single online wallet.
The image, however, can be viewed, copied
or downloaded by anyone.
Curiouser and curiouser
Why would such a setup exist? nfts were
invented by Anil Dash, an entrepreneur,
and Kevin McCoy, an artist, to help convey
that an item was a digital original. They of
fer proof that the holder owns that specific
token, even if it does not give them copy
right or exclusive use of that work. Even Mr
Dash seems a little bemused by their popu
larity. “If you liked an artwork, would you
pay more for it just because someone in
cluded its name in a spreadsheet? I proba
bly wouldn’t,” he wrote in April. But, he
added, “Putting artworks on the block
chain is like listing them in an auction cat
alogue. It adds a measure of certainty about
the work being considered.” Being able to
separate the artist’s original creation from
mere copies does confer some value.
N EW YORK
The market for nfts is evolving. We join the experiment
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