32 Briefing Migration within Africa TheEconomistOctober30th 2021
bring complementary skills. Some are
hired to fill niches; some move to places
where their skills are in demand.
Many also have contacts with their
home countries that boost trade. Since
2014, Rwanda, Kenya and Uganda have al
lowed movement across their borders with
just an identity card. Within two years this
had increased crossborder trade by 50%,
says the Rwanda Development Board, a
state agency. Free movement is “essential”
for Africa’s new freetrade agreement to
succeed, says Paul Akiwumi of unctad.
In Rwanda migrants pay on average
three times more tax than locals. An oecd
study of Ghana, Ivory Coast, Rwanda and
South Africa found that migrants contrib
ute much more in taxes than the cost of the
extra public services they use.
The biggest winners from migration are
migrants themselves. If they did not think
moving would make them better off, they
would not go. For obvious reasons, they are
more likely to want to move to countries
where they can earn more, such as South
Africa. Wages there are five times higher
than in Zimbabwe or Mozambique, which
is one reason why 700,000 Zimbabweans
and 350,000 Mozambicans live there.
Some 1.4m migrants from Burkina Faso are
in Ivory Coast, where income per head
($5,500) is twice as high.
Cosme, a 37yearold chef in Lagos, had
been looking for work for three years in Be
nin before coming to Nigeria. He found a
job in a restaurant in a posh part of town. In
Benin “there are no job opportunities like
that,” he explains. Today he laments Nige
ria’s high inflation but still advises friends
to come. He now has a small nestegg and
sends $120 a month to his family.
Such remittances are vital. The World
Bank says that in 2019 almost $50bn flowed
into subSaharan Africa, easily topping the
$31bn of foreign direct investment that
year. About 40% of remittances are from
other parts of subSaharan Africa, up from
29% in 2012—a larger share than comes
from Europe (see chart 2). Those sent with
in Africa tend to reduce poverty more, says
Dilip Ratha of the World Bank, because in
traAfrican migrants have poorer families
than do migrants who cross oceans.
Migrants who return provide another
boost. Catia Batista of the University of Lis
bonfinds that those returning to Mozam
bique are 25 percentage points more likely
to own a business than those who have not
been abroad, even controlling for the pos
sibility that more talented people may tra
vel abroad. Ms Batista also found that peo
ple in Mozambique who live in the same
village as families with a member who has
gone abroad are almost 15 percentage
points more likely to vote in elections.
Migration also spreads good ideas. Sci
entists and engineers who have worked
abroad bring back cuttingedge tech
niques. They bring other things, too. “Any
kind of African restaurant you want in Abi
djan, you can find,” boasts Issiaka Konaté
of the Ministry of African Integration and
Diaspora in Ivory Coast. “It’s like London.”
Some African leaders have begun to
push for freer movement. Benin, the Gam
bia and the Seychelles offer visafree travel
for all Africans. At least 34 countries have
signed on to a plan to create a single air
transport market that would allow airlines
to open up more direct routes. In 2018 the
African Union drew up a “freemovement
protocol”, which would allow visafree en
try across the continent and subsequently
the right to work and to establish a busi
ness. By February this year, 33 African
states had signed up, but just four had rat
ified it. Some fear it could bring insecurity
or loss of sovereignty, though the protocol
could bring some of the vast untaxed infor
mal sector out of the shadows.
African leaders may find promoting mi
gration more popular than they expect. In
South Africa, one of the least welcoming
places, 29% of people say they would dis
like having foreigners as neighbours. Yet in
Ivory Coast, just 4% hold that view. Of the
20 mostacceptingcountriesintheworld
formigrants,nineareinsubSaharanAfri
ca,saysGallup,apollster.InwestAfrica
60%ofpeoplewouldlikemigrantflowsto
staythesameorincrease.InAfricaasa
wholemorepeoplewouldliketoincrease
ormaintainimmigrationthanreduceit.
Oneobstacle,saysMohammedAbdiker
oftheiom, isthatmigrationpolicyinAfri
caoftenreflectsEuropeanpriorities.“Alot
ofEuropeanmoney”triestopersuadeAfri
can governments to halt migrant flows
north,saysLorenLandauoftheUniversity
ofOxford.This“legitimisesa wholelotof
reallynastythingsthatcanbedonetomi
grants” within Africa, he says. “It also
worksagainstanykindofsensiblediscus
sionaboutwhatcountriescouldbedoing.”
The eufunds and advises countries to
add more border security and conduct
more frequent checks. Europeanfunded
antimigration campaigns tell Africans
harrowing stories of death and disaster;
that if they move to Europe they will end
up begging, and “everyone will hate you for
it,” says Mr Landau. All this can stigmatise
migration within Africa, increase the
chances of police harassment, and make
regional migration harder.
Give me your unskilled masses
Some countries, such as Ivory Coast, are
trying to include migrants in their plan
ning. “We must say it clearly: migration is
an opportunity for Ivory Coast,” says Alcide
Djédjé, the minister for African integra
tion. “Ivory Coast applies the ecowasfree
movement protocol better than anyone,”
he boasts. Migrants have the same access
to health care and education at the same
cost, he adds. Indeed, surveys find they are
more likely to go to health centres than lo
cals (though, struggling to pay costs, they
are less likely to use local schools).
Migration policy is hard to get right. Af
rican governments could start by punish
ing police who abuse migrants. West Afri
can governments should uphold the deal
they made long ago: that any ecowas citi
zen can work and open a business in any
ecowas country. Other regional groups
could do likewise. And African govern
ments should ratify the continentwide
free movement protocol, which is a re
markable step on the path to a more inte
grated and prosperous continent.
All this would make life easier for mi
grants, most of whom just want to earn a
living. Peter Adoa (not his real name), a
Ugandan, learnt Swahili on arriving in
Kenya seven years ago, got a work permit,
opened a nail salon and is engaged to a
Kenyan. Yet he is constantly harassed by
the police. Recently he was forced to pay
$90 to a cop who was threatening him. Not
even that can deter him. “Thatexperience
fatigues me, but nothing else does,” he
smiles. “Everything else is great.”n
External funding
Sub-Saharan Africa, remittance inflows, $bn
Source:World Bank
2
50
40
30
20
0
0
2012 16 19
Other
From
EU and Britain
Sub-Saharan
Africa
On the road again