The Economist October 30th 2021 Special report Stabilising the climate 29
Veilsandignorance
Governing the atmosphere
T
he assessmentof the science of climate change released by
the ipccin August looked at various futureemission scen
arios. In every one the best estimate for the difference in tempera
ture between the mid19th and the mid21st centuries was above
1.5°C. Only two scenarios, both with close to netzero emissions by
midcentury and netnegative ones thereafter, had best estimates
lower than 2°C for the final two decades of the century.
What the report did not say was how the world would pay for
the netnegative decades needed to provide a climate both stable
and within the Paris temperature limits. In a netzero economy, it
is possible to imagine “polluterpays” schemes under which emit
ters pay for the negative emissions that cancel out their activity.
They might conceivably evolve from emissiontrading schemes
like the eu’s. But once you need to remove more CO 2 than is being
put in an insufficient number of polluters makes things trickier.
Some companies, including Microsoft and Ikea, plan to go net
negative at their own expense. They aim to remove from the atmo
sphere an amount of carbon equivalent to all the emissions they
have been responsible for over their corporate lives. But it is hard
ly likely that all big emitters will volunteer to behave so admirably.
An imaginative group of academics writing in the journal Na-
ture recently described a polluterpays scheme which might force
companies to become at least somewhat carbonnegative. Well
before net zero is reached, emissions would start to attract a “car
bonremoval obligation” requiring later removal. To incentivise
companies to act promptly, the obligations would grow over time:
leave a tonne up in the air long enough and you would have to pull
two tonnes out. It is an ingenious idea. But it would do nothing to
remove emissions made before the scheme began.
It is hard to imagine negative emissions on a scale large
enough to make up for overshooting the carbon budget being paid
for by anyone except governments. Any agreement on how that
should be done would surely reflect some version of “common but
differentiated responsibilities”: countries disproportionately re
sponsible for using up the carbon budget in the first place would
be asked to take on most of the burden of dealing with the over
shoot. In a world where rich countries had already invested heavi
ly in helping poorer ones reduce emissions, that added expense
might be borne willingly. But it is also possible that it would not.
What is more, in a world where some, presumably richer,
countries have enough negativeemissions capability to get to net
zero and beyond, other countries—either poorer or just more
bloodyminded—might abandon further emissions reduction,
gambling that the countries with negativeemissions capability
would rather increase their use of that capability than see the CO 2
level continue to rise.
They might win that gamble; they might not. It is all too easy to
imagine a world where most people in poor countries continue to
think that climate change is not their fault and someone else
should sort it out, while people in richer countries don’t want to
shoulder the full burden of doing so. A standoff develops in
which the overshoot is never sucked down and temperatures
eventually stabilise at a level considerably higher than 2°C over
Technologies which might stabilise the climate could
do the reverse to international relations
weans itself off fossil fuels and in the decades after it does so.
Such an idea seems utterly fantastical. So do a huge alkalinisa
tion of the oceans and naturebased solutions or beccsplanta
tions on scales approaching those of a small continent. But if they
remain so, in all likelihood so will a world where the temperature
rise stays “well below 2°C”, in the words of the Paris agreement.
And, unfortunately, fantasies that do not become realities can
still have real effects. The “net” in net zero functions as a notional
safety net: it lets the world imagine that, if somewhere along the
tightrope of emissions reduction it trips or tumbles, negative
emissions will break its fall. Butthisis only true if the capacity for
stonking great negative emissionsis realised. If it remains a fan
tasy, such a fall could hurt a lot.n