Science - USA (2021-10-29)

sleep health are not presently considered by
medical professionals when placing an indi-
vidual’s sleep in context in the clinic, thus
creating ambiguity as to whether sleep differ-
ences are the product of disease or reflect the
aggregated circumstances of the individual
(e.g., age, race, gender, socioeconomic status,
work and home environment). Moreover, al-
though sleep is acknowledged in the scientific
literature as making decisive contributions to
normal and abnormal physiology, it has yet to
be standardized in clinical trial design. Per-
haps nowhere is this more salient than in AD
trials, which exemplify lost opportunities to
benchmark the effects of amyloid-lowering
drugs with respect to a person’spreviousand
recent sleep history. Similar lost opportunities
mayberealized(inhindsight)forothermed-
ical conditions. In the present Review, we have
attempted to itemize the core aspects of sleep
health, describe the social-environmental deter-
minants that contribute to each, and summarize
how sleep ultimately factors into cardiovascular,
metabolic, immunologic, mental, cognitive, and
behavioral health. Along the way, we have
pointed out areas of inquiry in neuroscience
with the potential to accelerate the translation
of sleep research from the lab to clinical prac-
tice. From distinguishing sleep states in single
cells to understanding the genetics of sleep
health, as well as from creating coherent trans-
lational bridges between lab animal and hu-
man sleep to creating credible and accessible
sleep tracking technology in the home envi-
ronment, neuroscience will be pivotal for in-
tegrating sleep health considerations into how
we diagnose, monitor, treat, and test inter-
ventions for human brain disorders and other
diseases. With any luck, the“chimera”of sleep
can ultimately be leveraged at multiple inter-
connected levels to improve the mind and
body of the individual, the collective well-being
of society, and the essentially valuable parts of
human existence.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors wish to thank L. Hale and C. Jackson for input on Fig. 1.

Funding:This work was supported by grants from the National

Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA051321) and the National Institute

on Minority Health and Health Disparities (R01MD011600).

Competing interests:M.A.G. reports receiving grants from Jazz

Pharmaceuticals, Kemin Foods, and CeraZ and performing consulting

activities for Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Idorsia, Merck, Fitbit, Natrol,

Smartypants Vitamins, Athleta, Nightfood, and Simple Habit in the

past 3 years. F.-X.F. reports no potential conflicts of interest.

10.1126/science.abj8188

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