264 29. WHAT IS IT THAT IS REBORN? (NO-SOUL)
Bishop Berkeley, who showed that this so-called atom was a meta-
physical fiction, held that there existed a spiritual substance called a
soul.
Hume in his search after a soul declares:
There are some philosophers who imagine we are every moment inti-
mately conscious of what we call our self: that we feel its existence and
its continuance in existence and are certain, beyond the evidence of a
demonstration, both of its perfect identity and simplicity. For my part,
when I enter most intimately into what I call myself, I always stumble
on some particular perception or other—of heat or cold, light or shade,
love or hatred, pain or pleasure. I never can catch myself at any time
without a perception, and never can observe anything but the
perception... 373
Bergson says:
All consciousness is time existence; and a conscious state is not a state
that endures without changing. It is a change without ceasing; when
change ceases, it ceases; it is itself nothing but change.John B. Watson, a distinguished psychologist, states:
No one has ever touched a soul, or has seen one in a test tube, or has in
any way come into relationship with it as he has with the other objects
of his daily experience. Nevertheless to doubt its existence is to become
a heretic, and once might possibly even had led to the loss of one’s
head. Even today a man holding a public position dare not question
it.^374Dealing with this question of soul, Prof. William James writes:
This soul-theory is a complete superfluity, so far as according for the
actually verified facts of conscious experience goes. So far no one can
be compelled to subscribe to it for definite scientific reasons.
This me is an empirical aggregate of things objectively known. The I
which knows them cannot itself be an aggregate, neither for psycholog-
ical purpose need it be considered to be an unchanging metaphysical
entity like the soul, or a principle like the pure Ego viewed as out of
time. It is a thought, at each moment different from that of the last
moment, but appropriative of the latter, together with all that the latter
calls its own. All the experimental facts find their place in this descrip-
tion, unencumbered with any hypothesis save that of the existence of
passing thoughts or states of mind.^375- William James, Principles of Psychology, p. 351.
- Watson, Behaviourism, p. 4.
375.Principles of Psychology, p. 215.