in China, 617, 643
of dead, 501, 614, 714
in Japan, 301, 388, 499–500, 598,
616–618, 674, 714
in Korea, 617
of nonhumans, 310, 614
of nuns, 446, 606, 608, 900–901
self-ordination, 499–500, 582
in Sri Lanka, 798
in Taiwan, 816–818
temporary, 615, 668, 762, 833
in Tibet, 590, 851–852
ordination ceremony, 614–616
ordination platform, 616–617, 817
O rgyan ’phrin las rdo rje, 418, 419
O rgyan smin grol gling, 856
orientalism, 164–165
original enlightenment (hongaku),52,
135, 273, 389–390, 473, 476,
618–620,770, 850, 905
ornamentation, 61, 149, 726
orthodoxy, and lineage, 461
Otani, 531
Otantapuri Monastery, 69, 358
other power, 707
other worlds, buddhas of, 73–74
Ouchi Seiran, 531
Ouyang Jingwu, 283
oxherding pictures, 131, 621–622
P
pacifism, 264
Padang Lawas, 373
Padang Reco, 374
Padma dkar po, 484
Padmasambhava (Guru Rinpoche), 69,
334, 588, 623–625,624,730,
852–853, 854, 859
Paekche kingdom, 430
Pagan, 101, 402, 578–579, 787,789, 842
pagodas, 146, 149–150, 152–153, 256,
279, 436, 551, 576, 678, 774, 805
painting, 117–119, 123, 126–129,
145–153, 259, 322–327, 338, 340,
360, 365, 392, 394, 437–438, 579,
701, 800, 802–803. See also
manuscripts; portraiture
Pak Chung-bin (Sot’aesan), 902
Pakistan, 366–368
Pak Ou, 793
Pala rulers, 785
Pala style, 365,365–366
Palembang, 371
Pali, Buddhist literature in, 96–98, 108,
216–217, 536–537, 625–628
Pali Text Society, London, 96, 628
Pali Vinaya,887–888
Pallava style, 800, 802
Pañcaraksa,593, 634
Pañcaskandhaprakarana(Vasubandhu),
916
Pañcatantra,250, 380
Pañcavastuka, 220
pañcayatana,324, 326
Panchen Erdini, 629
Panchen Lama, 15, 170,193–194,
629–630, 858
Pañcika, 762
pandaka, 764
Pandrenthan, 322
Pang jushi yulu, 447
Pang Yun, 447
Panini, 745
panjiao,95, 321, 342, 345–346, 474, 871
Paññasajataka, 628
Pansiya Panas Jataka Pota, 778
papa,269, 297
paradises, Buddhist, 703–704, 726
parajikas,607, 667–668, 887–888
Parakramabahu I, King, 575, 644, 796,
831
Parakramabahu II, King, 778, 796, 898
Parakramabahu VI, King, 797
Paramartha (Zhendi), 38, 143, 177, 283,
630–631, 915
Paramas ́ukha Cakrasamvara, 153
paramita(perfection), 53, 58, 196,
631–632
paramitanaya, 875
Paramitasamasa(Aryas ́ura), 748
paratantra, 918
Parihasapura, 322
parikalpita, 918
parinirvana,82, 92, 602
parinispanna, 918
parish (danka, terauke)system in Japan,
386, 632–633
parittaand raksatexts, 634–635, 840
Parivara,626, 888
Paro, 327
Pars ́va, 383
passions, extinction of, 8
pata, 324
Patacara, 607
Pataliputra, 188, 502
Patan, 322, 591
PatañjaliYoga Bhasya, 331
Yoga Sutra, 331
patayantika, 667
path, 23, 27, 33, 84, 93, 182, 218,
261–262, 277, 285, 296, 303, 416,
540–541, 602, 635–639,782, 871.
See alsobodhisattva path;
psychology
and arhatship, 28–29
and bodhi,50–53
and bodhicitta,54–56
developmental model of, 77–79
and four noble truths, 296, 636–638
Pathamsombodhi, 422
Pathet Lao, 645–646
Patisambhidamagga,2, 627
Patriarch of the Clear Stream (Qingshui
Zushi), 290
patriarchs. Seelineage
patronage, 281, 740. See also dana
(giving);politics and Buddhism;
state and Buddhism
families and, 281, 287
merchants and, 244–245, 353, 789
royal, 353, 357, 658, 789, 831–833
women and, 900
Pa tshab Nyi ma grags, 484
Patthana, 627
Payasi-sutra, 301
Peabody, Elizabeth Palmer, 864
Pei Xiu shiyi wen(Zongmi), 929
Pelliot, Paul, 96
perception, theory of, 225, 230, 470,
682–683, 916–918
Perfection of Wisdom in Eight Thousand
Lines,495–496
perfection of wisdom literature. See
prajñaparamitaliterature
periodization, for decline of dharma,
211–212
Periya Puliyankulama, 800
permanent perfection, 632
persecutions, 640–646,658. See also
Christianity and Buddhism;
colonialism and Buddhism;
communism and Buddhism; Islam
and Buddhism; modernity and
Buddhism; politics and Buddhism
in Afghanistan, 41
in Cambodia, 109, 646
in China, 141, 160, 173, 535, 643, 645
by communist parties, 169–171
Huichang, 132
in India, 641–643
in Japan, 386, 585–586, 643–644
in Korea, 134, 433, 643INDEX
VOLUME 1, PP. 1–478: VOLUME 2, PP. 479–929ordination (continued)