by the Buddhist Institute, although many Pali texts had
already been translated and published in single editions
from the 1920s on. Although print is the principal
medium for religious texts in Cambodia today, both
palm leaf and kramn ̇manuscripts continue to be used
and venerated, though rarely produced. Scholars esti-
mate that 98 percent of Cambodia’s rich collection of
manuscripts was lost or destroyed during the Khmer
Rouge period (1975–1979).
See also:Cambodia; Southeast Asia, Buddhist Art in
Bibliography
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L’Harmattan, 1985.ANNEHANSENKIHWAKihwa (1376–1433) was a Korean monk of the late
Koryo ̆/early Choso ̆n periods. He was also known by the
monastic name Hamho ̆Tukt’ong. Kihwa was typical of
the So ̆n (Chan) school masters of his time; he taught
his followers the Imje (Linji) oriented kong’an(KOAN)
method, along with other standard aspects of So ̆n prac-
tice. At the same time, he was one of the most focused
and energetic advocates of the intrinsic resonance be-
tween meditation practice and scriptural study.
Kihwa is considered by many scholars of Korean
Buddhism to be one of the best writers of the Korean
tradition. He wrote important commentaries on the
Yuanjue jing(Perfect Enlightenment Sutra), the Jin’gang
jing(DIAMONDSUTRA), and the Chan Yongjia ji(Col-
lection of Yongjia of the Chan School). Kihwa was dis-
tinguished by his mastery of Chinese philosophy, but
he eventually set aside his Confucian studies in favor
of Buddhism. This philosophical background, coupled
with his literary talents, served him well when he de-
fended the Buddhist establishment against a rising
neo-Confucian ideological movement. The treatise
that Kihwa wrote in defense of Buddhism on this oc-
casion, the Hyo ̆njo ̆ng non(Articulating the Correct), is
considered one of the great works in Korean intellec-
tual history. In this work, Kihwa argued that the three
traditions of Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism
are in basic agreement at a fundamental philosophical
level. Kihwa passed away while residing at Cho ̆ngsusa,
located at the southern tip of Kanghwa Island, where
his tomb can still be visited.See also:Confucianism and Buddhism; KoreaBibliography
Buswell, Robert E., Jr. “Buddhism under Confucian Domina-
tion: The Synthetic Vision of So ̆san Hyu ̆jo ̆ng.” In Culture
and the State in the Late Choso ̆n Korea,ed. JaHyun Kim
Haboush and Martina Deuchler. Cambridge, MA: Harvard
University Asia Center, 1999.KIHWA