period, it was only with the government’s disestab-
lishment of Buddhism in 1872 that a broad spectrum
of the Japanese clergy renounced celibacy.
See also:Mahayana Precepts in Japan; Monasticism
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JOHNR. MCRAEORIGINAL ENLIGHTENMENT
(HONGAKU)The doctrine of original enlightenment (Japanese, hon-
gaku) dominated Tendai Buddhism from roughly the
eleventh through the early seventeenth centuries and
profoundly influenced medieval Japanese religion and
culture. This doctrine holds that enlightenment or the
ideal state is neither a goal to be achieved nor a po-
tential to be realized but the real status of all things.
Not only human beings but ants and crickets, even
grasses and trees, manifest innate buddhahood just as
they are. Seen in its true aspect, every aspect of daily
life—eating, sleeping, even one’s deluded thoughts—
is the Buddha’s conduct.
Especially since the latter part of the twentieth cen-
tury, considerable controversy has arisen over the cul-
tural significance and ethical implications of this
doctrine. Some scholars see in original enlightenment
thought a timeless Japanese spirituality that affirms na-
ture and accommodates phenomenal realities. OthersORIGINALENLIGHTENMENT(HONGAKU)