Hodge, Stephen, trans. The Maha-Vairocana-Abhisambodhi
Tantra: With Buddhaguhya’s Commentary.London: Rout-
ledge Curzon, 2003.
Jones, J. J., trans. The Mahavastu,3 vols. London: Luzac,
1949–1956.
Lamotte, Étienne. History of Indian Buddhism from the Origins
to the S ́aka Era(1958), tr. Sara Webb-Boin. Louvain, Bel-
gium: Peeters Press, 1988.
Meadows, Carol. Arya-S ́ura’s Compendium of the Perfections:
Text, Translation, and Analysis of the Paramitasamasa.Bonn,
Germany: Indica et Tibetica Verlag, 1986.
Mitra, Rajendralal. The Sanskrit Buddhist Literature of Nepal
(1882). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1981.
Panglung, Jampa L. Die Erzälstoffe des Mulasarvastivada-Vinaya
Analysiert auf grund der Tibetischen Übersetzung.Tokyo:
Reiyukai Library, 1981.
Schoening, Jeffrey D. “SutraCommentaries in Tibetan Trans-
lation.” In Tibetan Literature: Studies in Genre,ed. José I.
Cabezón and Roger R. Jackson. Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion, 1996.
Skorupski, Tadeusz. Kriyasamgraha: Compendium of Buddhist
Rituals.Tring, UK: Institute of Buddhist Studies, 2002.
Strong, John. “The Buddhist Avadanists and the Elder Upagupta.”
Mélanges chinois et bouddhiques22 (1985): 862–881.
Waldschmidt, Ernst. Das Mahaparinirvanasutra,3 vols. Berlin:
Akademie Verlag, 1950–1951.
Wayman, Alex. Yoga of the Guhyasamajatantra: The Arcane Lore
of Forty Verses, a Buddhist Tantra Commentary.Delhi: Moti-
lal Banarsidass, 1977. Reprint, 1991.
Winternitz, Maurice. A History of Indian Literature(1933), Vol.
2: Buddhist and Jain Literature,tr. V. Srinivasa Sarma. Delhi:
Motilal Banarsidass, 1983. Reprint, 1999.
ANDREWSKILTONS ́ANTIDEVA
The MADHYAMAKA SCHOOLphilosopher and poet S ́an-
tideva is generally thought to have lived some time be-
tween 685 and 763 C.E., although this is by no means
conclusive. The claim that he was a prince from North
India who fled royal consecration repeats a traditional
Buddhist theme and has no independent support. S ́an-
tideva adhered to the MAHAYANAtradition. His spiri-
tual poem the BODHICARYAVATARA(Introduction to the
Conduct That Leads to Enlightenment) indicates that he
was particularly devoted to the bodhisattva Mañjus ́r.
His other great work is the S ́iksasamuccaya (Com-
pendium of Doctrines), which consists in the main of
valuable quotations from many Mahayana Buddhist
scriptures (sutras) arranged to illustrate aspects of the
Mahayana PATH. The S ́iksasamuccayais an important
Sanskrit source for sections of sutras that no longer
survive in their Sanskrit originals.
In the traditional (mainly Tibetan) hagiographies,
S ́antideva appears to be quite ordinary although actu-
ally a figure of advanced spiritual attainment. One
story goes that he seemed to the monks of Nalanda
Monastery simply to laze around doing nothing. They
asked him to give a recitation before the monastery,
then tried to erect the teacher’s seat so high that S ́an-
tideva could not reach it. With one hand he magically
lowered the seat, sat on it, and asked what they wanted
him to recite. At the request for something new (for a
change) S ́antideva began to create spontaneously his
Bodhicaryavatara,undoubtedly the single greatest In-
dian poem about cultivating the Mahayana spiritual
life. When he had nearly reached the end he ascended
into the air and disappeared, although his voice could
still be heard.See also:Sanskrit, Buddhist Literature inBibliography
Bendall, Cecil, and Rouse, W. H. D., trans. S ́iksaSamuccaya: A
Compendium of Buddhist Doctrine.Delhi: Motilal Banarsi-
dass. Reprint of 1922 edition.
Crosby, Kate, and Skilton, Andrew, trans. S ́antideva: The Bod-
hicaryavatara.Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.
Ruegg, David S. The Literature of the Madhyamaka School of Phi-
losophy in India.Wiesbaden, Germany: Harrassowitz, 1981.
Tsonawa, Losang Norbu, trans. Indian Buddhist Pandits from
“The Jewel Garland of Buddhist History.” Dharamsala, India:
Library of Tibetan Works and Archives, 1985.
Wallace, Vesna A., and Wallace, B. Allan, trans. A Guide to the
Bodhisattva Way of Life (Bodhicaryavatara). New York: Snow
Lion, 1997.
Williams, Paul. Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Founda-
tions.London and New York: Routledge, 1989.
Williams, Paul, with Tribe, Anthony. Buddhist Thought: A Com-
plete Introduction to the Indian Tradition.London and New
York: Routledge, 2000.
PAULWILLIAMSS ́ARIPUTRAS ́ariputra (Pali, Sariputta), a disciple of S ́akyamuni
Buddha, attained the enlightened status of an ARHAT,S ́ARIPUTRA