modern era, 109–110, 646
post-Angkorian “middle” period,
107–108
pre-Angkor period, 105–106, 783
role of laity, 446–447
Cambodia, Buddhist art in, 92, 783. See
alsoSoutheast Asia, Buddhist art in
Can, Master, 528
Canavarro, Marie De Souza, 865
Canche, 816
Candi Sewu, 785
Candragupta I, King, 357
Candraklrti, 31, 111,420, 482, 861, 896
Madhyamakavatara,111, 482, 604
Prasannapada, 111
canon, 10–12, 25, 45, 93–94, 111–115,
116–117, 164, 166, 217, 266,
755–756. See also abhidharma;
agama/nikaya;apocrypha; authority,
scriptural; buddhavacana;catalogues
of scriptures; scripture; sutra;
tripitaka;vinaya
Bon, 67
Chinese, 143, 197, 756
Daoist, 144, 200
in Korea, 432–433
in Mongolia, 114
in Myanmar, 576
outside India, 113–115
Pali, 755–756, 837
printed, 25, 96, 99, 108, 114, 115,
116–117, 628, 677, 856
Sanskrit, 745–747
Theravada, 625–628
Tibetan, 96, 103–104, 114, 115,756,
853–855
canonicity, 111–112, 114–117, 536
Caodong (Soto) house of Chan school,
132–133, 135, 235–236, 348, 413,
428, 569, 866, 880–881
Caoqi, 348
Caoshan Benji, 131, 344
Cao Zhongda, 694
Cariyapitaka, 401
Carus, Paul, 864–865, 924
caste system, 14, 249, 358, 448, 590, 870
catalogues of scriptures, 98, 116–117,
746, 759. See alsoprinting
technologies
and apocrypha, 25–26
catechesis, in abhidharma,2, 4
“Cathedral of Lhasa,” 404
Catuhs ́ataka(Aryadeva), 31, 480–481
Caturas ́ltisiddhapravrtti(Abhayadatta),
491
causality, 545, 648, 669–670, 713. See also
pratltyasamutpada(dependent
origination)
causes and conditions, typologies of, 6
Cave of the Thousand Buddhas
(Dunhuang), 552
cave sanctuaries, 117–119,789. See also
China, Buddhist art in; names of
sites
in Central Asia, 117–118, 122–125
in China, 118 – 119,147–151, 240, 338,
471, 921–922
in India, 12–13, 363, 402, 550–551
in Korea, 554
in Ladakh, 324
in Laos, 793
in Sri Lanka, 800
celibacy, 134, 140, 303, 305, 313, 376,
617, 761–762. See alsoascetic
practices; family, Buddhism and
the; marriage; sexuality;
Central Asia, 113, 117–118, 120–122,
251, 454, 481, 519, 538. See also
Central Asia, Buddhist art in;
Gandharl, Buddhist literature in;
Islam and Buddhism
monastic architecture in, 550–551
and Silk Road, 775–776
Central Asia, Buddhist art in, 122–125,
150, 775–776. See alsoBuddha, life
of the, in art
Ceylon. SeeSri Lanka
Chajang, 431
Chakkraphat, King, 425
Cham, 782, 784
Chamlong Simuang, General, 834
Champa, 785
chan, 130
Chan art, 31, 43, 125–129,129, 150–152
and bodhi, 90
oxherding pictures, 131, 621–622
and portraiture, 661
Chandi Mendut, 508
Chandi Pawon, 508
Chandi Sari, 508
Chandler, David, 106
Chandogya Upanisad, 18
Chang’an, 146, 149–150, 197, 535
Chanlin sengbao zhuan, 406
Chan Pitaka, 929
Chan (Zen, So ̆n, Thiê`n) school, 22,
130–136,266, 305, 656, 685,
722–723. See alsoChan art; China;
Confucianism and Buddhism;
Japan; Koan; Korea; lineage;
mozhao Chan; Nine Mountainsschool of So ̆n; Vietnam; Zen,
popular conceptions of
and bodhi,51–53, 79, 169
and Bsam yas Debate, 69–71
in China, 38–39, 57–58, 132, 141, 144,
156, 174, 200, 202–203, 213, 338,
344, 346–348, 405, 813, 849–850,
911–914, 928–929
in Japan, 99, 189, 235–238, 274,
313–314, 352, 386, 390, 426–429,
500, 819–820
key figures, 17, 487
key texts, 27, 227, 314, 655, 915
in Korea, 158–159, 349, 423, 432–435,
443
and lineage, 334, 347–348, 462–465, 616
and martial arts, 516–518
and meditation, 205, 278, 287, 428, 521,
528–529, 665, 754, 758, 810, 827
and monastic architecture, 552–553,
556–557
and Pure Land, 700, 705, 708
in United States, 866
in Vietnam, 879–880, 882
chanting and liturgy, 137–139,138,191,
533, 613–614, 714, 774, 882. See also
entertainment and performance;
language, Buddhist philosophy of;
meditation; ritual
and buddhanusmrti,93, 587–588, 699,
906
daimoku,93, 191,413, 596–597, 781
and funerary ritual, 713, 833
in Japan, 727
mantras, 376, 429, 512, 526–527,
613–614, 666, 820–821, 824
and meditation practice, 527–529
nenbutsu, 79, 93, 136, 250, 307, 336,
348, 412–414, 476, 587–588
and paritta/raksatexts, 635, 840
prayer, 671–672
and Tantric meditation, 525–527
Thet Mahachat, 829
Chanyuan zhuquanji duxu(Zongmi), 929
Chanzong, 130
Chaofeng, 816–817
charity. See dana;merit and merit-
making
Chatsumarn Kabilsingh, 835
Chavannes, Edouard, 96
chedi, 783
Chengde, 553
Chengdu, 147–148, 693–694
Chengguan, 139,167, 341, 343–344, 346,
925, 929
Huayan jing suishu yanyi chao, 139INDEX
VOLUME 1, PP. 1–478: VOLUME 2, PP. 479–929Cambodia (continued)