Motivation and Learning Strategies for College Success : A Self-management Approach

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214 CHAPTER 8

with their scientific classification, their size or complexity,

or whether they are plant or animal.

The plankton are organisms that live within the pelagic

zone and float, drift, or swim feebly; that is, they cannot

control their position against currents. The plankton include

plants, which are called phytoplankton, and animals, which

are called zooplankton. Nekton are those organisms that

swim. Only animals are included in this group. The benthos

are those organisms that live on or within the bottom, the

benthic environment.

The plankton are the most diverse and numerous, with

the benthos not too far behind. Many groups of organisms

spend a portion of their life cycle in more than one of these

modes of life. It is common for a particular group to be

planktonic in the larval or juvenile stage and then nektonic

or benthonic as adults.^5

Type of representation:

Passage 2: Federation Versus Confederation

In a federation, the national government is fully sovereign;

the states may not withdraw without the consent of the

national authorities; and the people create both the national

government and the state governments, delegate powers to

both, and may restrict both through a written constitution.

The national government may act directly on the people; it

can tax and draft them. In contrast, in a confederation, the

states are sovereign; they may join the nation or withdraw

from it at will. They delegate specified powers to national

institutions and reserve all others to themselves. The national

“government” is a creature of the states and can deal only

with the states, not directly with their citizens.

Confederation is an ancient form of government; it has

bound people together throughout history, from the time of

the alliances of the Israelite tribes to the Renaissance and the

(^5) From Davis, R. A. (1986). Oceanography: An Introduction to the Marine Environment.
Dubuque, IA: Brown, p. 129.