History of the Christian Church, Volume I: Apostolic Christianity. A.D. 1-100.

2. The Jewish Apocrypha. Best edition by Otto Frid. Fritzsche: Libri Apocryphi Veteris Testamenti
   Graece. Lips. 1871. German Commentary by Fritzsche and Grimm, Leipz. 1851–’60 (in the
   "Exeget. Handbuch zum A. T.");English Com.byDr. E. C. Bissell, N. York, 1880 (vol. xxv.
   in Schaff’s ed. of Lange’s Bible-Work).


3. Josephus (a Jewish scholar, priest, and historian, patronized by Vespasian and Titus, b. a.d. 37,
   d. about 103): Antiquitates Judaicae (Ἀρχαιολογία Ἰουδαική), in 20 books, written first (but
   not preserved) in Aramaic, and then reproduced in Greek, a.d. 94, beginning with the creation
   and coming down to the outbreak of the rebellion against the Romans, a.d. 66, important for
   the post-exilian period. Bellum Judaicum (περὶ τοῦ Ἰουδαΐκοῦ πολέμου), in 7 books, written
   about 75, from his own personal observation (as Jewish general in Galilee, then as Roman
   captive, and Roman agent), and coming down to the destruction of Jerusalem, a.d. 70. Contra.
   Apionem, a defence of the Jewish nation against the calumnies of the grammarian Apion. His
   Vita or Autobiography was written after a.d. 100.—Editions of Josephus by Hudson, Oxon.
   1720, 2 vols. fol.; Havercamp, Amst. 1726, 2 fol.; Oberthür, Lips. 1785, 3 vols.; Richter, Lips.
   1827, 6 vols.; Dindorf, Par. 1849, 2 vols.; Imm. Bekker, Lips. 1855, 6 vols. The editions of
   Havercamp and Dindorf are the best. English translations by Whiston and Traill, often edited,
   in London, New York, Philadelphia. German translations by Hedio, Ott, Cotta, Demme.


4. Philo of Alexandria (d. after a.d. 40) represents the learned and philosophical (Platonic) Judaism.
   Best ed. by Mangey, Lond. 1742, 2 fol., and Richter, Lips. 1828, 2 vols. English translation by
   C. D. Yonge, London, 1854, 4 vols. (in Bohn’s "Ecclesiastical Library").


5. The Talmud (תַּלְמוּד i.e. Doctrine) represents the traditional, post-exilian, and anti-Christian
   Judaism. It consists of the Mishna (וִשְׁנָה ,, δευτέρωσιςRepetition of the Law), from the end of
   the second century, and the Gemara (גְמָרָא i.e. Perfect Doctrine, from גָמַר to bring to an end).
   The latter exists in two forms, the Palestinian Gemara, completed at Tiberias about a.d. 350,
   and the Babylonian Gemara of the sixth century. Best eds. of the Talmud by Bomberg, Ven.
   1520 sqq. 12 vols. fol., and Sittenfeld, Berlin, 1862–’68, 12 vols. fol. Latin version of the Mishna
   by G. Surenhusius, Amst. 1698–1703, 6 vols. fol.; German by J. J. Rabe, Onolzbach, 1760–’63.


6. Monumental Sources: of Egypt (see the works of Champollion, Young, Rosellini, Wilkinson,
   Birch, Mariette, Lepsius, Bunsen, Ebers, Brugsch, etc.); of Babylon and Assyria (see Botta,
   Layard, George Smith, Sayce, Schrader, etc.).


7. Greek and Roman authors: Polybius (d. b.c. 125), Diodorus Siculus (contemporary of Caesar),
   Strabo ((d. a.d. 24), Tacitus (d. about 117), Suetonius(d. about 130), Justinus (d. after a.d. 160).
   Their accounts are mostly incidental, and either simply derived from Josephus, or full of error
   and prejudice, and hence of very little value.
   II. Histories.
   (a) By Christian authors.
   Prideaux (Dean of Norwich, d. 1724): The Old and New Testament Connected in the History of the
   Jews and neighboring nations, from the declension of the kingdoms of Israel and Judah to the
   time of Christ. Lond. 1715; 11th ed. 1749, 4 vols. (and later eds.). The same in French and
   German.
   J. J. Hess (d. 1828): Geschichte der Israeliten vor den Zeiten Jesu. Zür. 1766 sqq., 12 vols.

A.D. 1-100.