Charles Hardwick (d. 1859): Christ and other Masters. Lond., 4th ed., 1875. (An extension of the
work of Reinhard; Christ compared with the founders of the Eastern religions.)
E. H. Plumptre:Christ and Christendom. Boyle Lectures. Lond. 1866
E. de Pressensé: Jésus Christ, son temps, sa vie, son oeuvre. Paris, 1866. (Against Renan.) The
same transl. into English by Annie Harwood (Lond., 7th ed. 1879), and into German by Fabarius
(Halle, 1866).
F. Delitzsch: Jesus und Hillel. Erlangen, 1867; 3rd ed. revised, 1879.
Theod. Keim (Prof. in Zürich, and then in Giessen, d. 1879);Geschichte Jesu von Nazara. Zürich,
1867–’72, 3 vols. Also an abridgment in one volume, 1873, 2d ed. 1875. (This 2d ed. has
important additions, particularly a critical Appendix.) The large work is translated into English
by Geldart and Ransom. Lond. (Williams & Norgate), 1873–82, 6 vols. By the same author:
Der geschichtliche Christus. Zürich, 3d ed. 1866. Keim attempts to reconstruct a historical
Christ from the Synoptical Gospels, especially Matthew, but without John.
Wm. HANNA: The Life of our Lord. Edinb. 1868–’69, 6 vols.
Bishop Dupanloup (R. C.): Histoire de noire Sauveur Jésus Christ. Paris, 1870.
Fr. W. Farrar (Canon of Westminster): The Life of Christ. Lond. and N. York, 1874, 2 vols. (in
many editions, one with illustrations).
C. Geikie: The Life and Words of Christ. Lond. and N. York, 1878,·2 vols. (Illustrated. Several
editions.)
Bernhard Weis (Prof. in Berlin): Das Leben Jesu. Berlin, 1882, 2 vols., 3d ed. 1888. English transl.
Edinb. 1885, 3 vols.
Alfred Edersheim: The Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah. London and N. Y. 1884, 2 vols. Strictly
orthodox. Valuable for rabbinical illustrations.,
W. Beyschlag: Das Leben Jesu. Halle, 1885–’86, 2 vols.; 2d ed. 1888.
The works of Paulus, Strauss, and Renan (also Joseph Salvador, a learned Jew in France, author
of Jésus Christ et sa doctrine, Par. 1838) represent the various phases of rationalism and
destructive criticism, but have called forth also a copious and valuable apologetic literature.
See the bibliography in Hase’s Leben Jesu, 5th ed. p. 44 sqq., and in his Geschichte Jesu, p.
124 sqq. Schleiermacher, Gfrörer, Weisse, Ewald, Schenkel, Hase, and Keim occupy, in various
degrees and with many differences, a middle position. The great Schleiermacher almost perished
in the sea of scepticism, but, like Peter, he caught the saving arm of Jesus extended to him
(Matt. 14:30, 31). Hase is very valuable for the bibliography and suggestive sketches, Ewald
and Keim for independent research and careful use of Josephus and the contemporary history.
Keim rejects, Ewald accepts, the Gospel of John as authentic; both admit the sinless perfection
of Jesus, and Keim, from his purely critical and synoptical standpoint, goes so far as to say (vol.
iii. 662) that Christ, in his gigantic elevation above his own and succeeding ages, "makes the
impression of mysterious loneliness, superhuman miracle, divine creation (den Eindruck
geheimnissvoller Einsamkeit, übermenschlichen Wunders, göttlicher Schöpfung)." Weiss and
Beyschlag mark a still greater advance, and triumphantly defend the genuineness of John’s
Gospel, but make concessions to criticism in minor details.
C. Chronological.
Kepler: De Jesu Christi Servatoris nostri vero anno natalicio. Frankf. 1606. De vero anno quo
aeternus Dei Filius humanam naturam in utero benedicitae Virginis Mariae assumpsit. Frcf.
1614.A.D. 1-100.