The Economist November 13th 2021 43
Asia
Climateandindustry
Manufacturing a green revolution
“I
f we do well, the country does well,
and if the country does well, that is the
way for us to do well,” reads the inscription
on the walls of the former Hyundai Heavy
shipyard in Gunsan on South Korea’s west
coast. The quote from Chung Juyung, the
late founder of Hyundai, one of the coun
try’s biggest conglomerates, is an apt sum
mary of South Korea’s development strat
egy. Equating manufacturing prowess with
the national interest drove the massive
stateled investment in heavy industry
that made South Korea rich.
Today the fading letters are an ominous
sign of things to come. Four years ago the
Hyundai shipyard and the gmcar factory in
Gunsan shut within ten months of each
other, resulting in the loss of tens of thou
sands of jobs. There is a risk of more such
devastation in the future. The country’s in
dustrial behemoths have no clear plan to
eliminate greenhousegas emissions by
2050, which the government has promised
to do. How they do so will determine the
future not just of South Korea’s industries
but of its industrial cities, too.
South Korea’s coastal cities are the most
visible markers of the country’s rapid in
dustrialisation. Starting in the 1960s, slee
py fishing ports andtrading posts turned
into sprawling industrial centres, filled
with shipyards, car factories, steel mills,
oil refineries and container terminals. In
dustry generates 37% of gdp, compared
with the richcountry average of 27%, and
more than 80% of exports. gdpper person
in Ulsan, the most important industrial ci
ty, is 75% higher than the national average.
At a museum in the city you can wander
around model versions of industrial in
stallations to take in the story Ulsan wants
to tell about itself. “We went from a gdpof
$100 per person to this,” beams Shin
Hyeongseok, the museum’s director.
But as South Korea joins the rest of the
world in the effort to curb climate change,
its centres of heavy industry are turning
from drivers of growth into liabilities.
Their reliance on fossil fuels is one reason
why South Korea is the world’s seventh
biggest emitter of greenhouse gases. Presi
dent Moon Jaein has promised to reduce
emissions by 40% below 2018 levels by
2030, and that South Korea will be carbon
neutral by 2050, a target that was written
into law in August.
Environmental groups point out that
Mr Moon’s targetsare still insufficient to
meet South Korea’s commitments under
the Paris agreement. The government itself
freely admits that it is lagging behind other
rich countries in reducing emissions. But
the announcement has alarmed industry
representatives. They warn of production
cuts and largescale job losses unless busi
nesses are given more time and support to
reach the targets.
The transition to a lowcarbon econ
omy, if pursued seriously, will be the big
gest challenge for manufacturers since the
transition from light to heavy industry in
the 1970s, says Park Sangin, an economist
who focuses on South Korea’s conglomer
ates at Seoul National University. The fact
that South Korea is so late to the game
makes the task harder, because bigger re
ductions will now have to happen over a
shorter period of time.
If the government is to achieve its tar
gets, carbonintensive manufacturing in
dustries will have to reduce their emis
sions by as much as 80% over the next
G UNSAN AND ULSAN
South Korea’s industrial centres will have to transform or disappear
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