The Economist November 13th 2021 55
Europe
EUrailways
Disoriented express
T
he centrepieceof this year’s Euro
pean Year of Rail was the “Connecting
Europe Express”. Between September and
October its cars whisked euofficials across
the continent on a whistlestop tour pro
moting the future of railways. But the train
itself was a nostalgia trip: most of its wag
ons were built in the 1980s, since more re
cent models were less likely to be certified
by the railsafety boards of all 26 countries
it visited. Without armtwisting by the
European Commission, said Alberto Maz
zola of the cer, a railindustry group, the
trip would have been impossible.
It was a classic European story. The eu
has grand ambitions for trains as a way of
cutting carbon emissions, and its national
railway networks are strong. But rail is the
form of transport that requires the most
coordination, and on a continent split in
to dozens of countries that is a problem.
Governments pour money into domestic
highspeed lines, but often leave just a
winding bit of track linking to the neigh
bours. For the national carriers that domi
nate the sector, such as Germany’s Deut
sche Bahn and France’s sncf, crossborder
trips are a side business and competitors a
nuisance. “The single European railway
area exists in terms of a market opening,”
says Kristian Schmidt, the European Com
mission’s director of land transport. ”But
we have a long way to go.”
The eu’s mobility strategy calls for mak
ing all scheduled travel of 500km (310
mikes) or less carbonneutral by 2030. The
most obvious way to do that is with electric
passenger trains. Even accounting for use
of fossil fuels in power generation, trains
average about onefifth the greenhouse
gas emissions per passengerkilometre of
aeroplanes and less than half that of buses,
says the European Environment Agency.
Gimme a ticket for an aeroplane
Yet only 8% of the distance travelled by
landin the eu is by rail. Even in the most
trainhappy countries, Austria and the
Netherlands, the figures are 13% and 11%. In
those countries, more than 75% of land tra
vel is done by car. Statistics on crossbor
der rail are patchy, but eufigures show that
people made only 6.5m international trips
by train from Germany in 2019. They made
110m by air, just to other countries in the
eu. Shifting a significant share to rail will
require huge investments.
More fast trains would help. The eu
wants to double highspeed rail traffic by
- Because they deliver passengers to
city centres rather than airports, trains can
outcompete flights on routes of up to
800km, provided they run at 200kph or
more. Flights between Milan and Rome fell
by more than half after a highspeed rail
line opened in 2007. The Eurostar carried
nearly 80% of traffic from London to Brus
sels and Paris in 2019, and a big share of
those travelling between Paris and Frank
furt go on French tgvor German icetrains.
But such international highspeed
routes are few. Spain and France each have
extensive highspeed networks, but to get
from one to the other trains must creep
along oldfashioned tracks. France and Ita
ly have scarcely begun tunnelling under
the Alps to link their networks. Highspeed
routes between Berlin and centralEuro
pean cities such as Prague and Vienna are
still in the planning stage.
These tracks are part of a web of high
priority transport corridors known as
tent first sketched by the euin the 1990s.
But national governments, which bear
most of the costs, have been slow to pony
up the money. The eu’s own Connecting
Europe Facility and other programmes
budget €86bn ($100bn) for rail from 2021 - But highspeed track can cost more
than €40m per kilometre. On most routes
countries would be better off improving
B ERLIN
Trains could help Europe reach its climate targets. But daft rules block the tracks
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